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961.
In many practical optimization problems, evaluation of a solution is subject to noise, e.g., due to stochastic simulations
or measuring errors. Therefore, heuristics are needed that are capable of handling such noise. This paper first reviews the
state-of-the-art in applying simulated annealing to noisy optimization problems. Then, two new algorithmic variants are proposed:
an improved version of stochastic annealing that allows for arbitrary annealing schedules, and a new approach called simulated annealing in noisy environments (SANE). The latter integrates ideas from statistical sequential selection in order to reduce the number of samples required
for making an acceptance decision with sufficient statistical confidence. Finally, SANE is shown to significantly outperform
other state-of-the-art simulated annealing techniques on a stochastic travelling salesperson problem. 相似文献
962.
Nathanaëlle Schneider Dr. Markus Finger Dr. Christian Haferkemper Stéphane Bellemin‐Laponnaz Dr. Peter Hofmann Prof. Dr. Lutz H. Gade Prof. Dr. 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2009,15(43):11515-11529
A detailed density functional theory (DFT) computational study (using the BP86/SV(P) and B3LYP/TZVP//BP86/SV(P) level of theory) of the rhodium‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of ketones has shown three mechanistic pathways to be viable. They all involve the generation of a cationic complex [LnRhI]+ stabilized by the coordination of two ketone molecules and the subsequent oxidative addition of the silane, which results in the Rh–silyl intermediates [LnRhIII(H)SiHMe2]+. However, they differ in the following reaction steps: in two of them, insertion of the ketone into the Rh? Si bond occurs, as previously proposed by Ojima et al., or into the Si? H bond, as proposed by Chan et al. for dihydrosilanes. The latter in particular is characterized by a very high activation barrier associated with the insertion of the ketone into the Si? H bond, thereby making a new, third mechanistic pathway that involves the formation of a silylene intermediate more likely. This “silylene mechanism” was found to have the lowest activation barrier for the rate‐determining step, the migration of a rhodium‐bonded hydride to the ketone that is coordinated to the silylene ligand. This explains the previously reported rate enhancement for R2SiH2 compared to R3SiH as well as the inverse kinetic isotope effect (KIE) observed experimentally for the overall catalytic cycle because deuterium prefers to be located in the stronger bond, that is, C? D versus M? D. 相似文献
963.
964.
A series of methyl hydronaphthyl alcohols, formates, acetates, and ketones were prepared and their odour properties evaluated. Minor structural changes, even opposite to the osmophoric group, were found to have major effects on the odour. 13C? NMR shift assignments of the hydronaphthyl derivatives are presented. 相似文献
965.
We consider the equations of compressible magnetohydrodynamics including the diffusive effects of fluid viscosity, thermal
heat conductivity, electrical resistivity, and, in particular, the dispersive influence of the Hall term. The equations describe
the dynamics of a plasma as it arises in astrophysical and technical applications.
For a model problem we prove an existence result for shock profiles for all values of the Hall parameter. The same question
for the complete six-dimensional system seems to be only solvable for small values of the Hall parameter, that is, viewing
the Hall effect as a perturbation. To obtain substantial information on the complete system for all ranges of the dissipation
parameters we present a careful numerical study. In particular the study confirms a well-known conjecture on the existence
and bifurcation of orbits and illustrates the breaking of symmetry due to the Hall term. 相似文献
966.
Yang Xu Christian Axt Minhang Song Reinhold Kneer Shuiqing Li 《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2021,38(3):4179-4188
This paper intensively investigated the ignition of turbulent coal flames in a novel fully-mixed tubular swirl burner. The Nikon D300s digital camera was used to capture the statistical ignition behavior of dispersed coal particle streams in different ambiences. Meanwhile, the combustion dynamics of individual coal particles were also recorded by means of high-speed photography. Two low-rank coal samples, Hulunbel lignite and Zhundong coal, were tested in this study. The ignition delay times of coal particles in the swirl burner were compared with those in a flat-flame burner. In contrast to previous work on a laminar flat-flame burner, the current experimental results show that the turbulent ambience significantly enhances the ignition of all coal samples, which is exceptionally pronounced under high temperature and low oxygen conditions. In addition, the sensitivity analysis suggests that both the enhanced heat and mass transfer contribute to the early ignition in turbulence. The effect of elevated mass transfer coefficient turns prominent in low oxygen fraction ambience, wherein the volatile barrier effect is suppressed by the enhanced mixing process. The combined effect of turbulence favors the shifting of ignition modes to the heterogeneous-dominant region. Last but not least, the ceased volatile flame that visualized in turbulent low oxygen ambience further confirms the important role of heterogeneous ignition. 相似文献
967.
Paulo Debiagi Coskun Yildiz Marcel Richter Jochen Ströhle Bernd Epple Tiziano Faravelli Christian Hasse 《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2021,38(3):4053-4061
Coal combustion releases elevated amounts of pollutants to the atmosphere including SOX. During the pyrolysis step, sulfur present in the coal is released to the gas phase as many different chemical species such as H2S, COS, SO2, CS2, thiols and larger tars, also called SOX precursors, as they form SOX during combustion. Understanding the sulfur release process is crucial to the development of reliable kinetic models, which support the design of improved reactors for cleaner coal conversion processes. Sulfur release from two bituminous coals, Colombian hard coal (K1) and American high sulfur coal (U2), were studied in the present work. Low heating rate (LHR) experiments were performed in a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with mass spectrometry (TG-MS), allowing to track the mass loss and the evolution of many volatile species (CO, CO2, CH4, SO2, H2S, COS, HCl and H2O). High heating rate (HHR) experiments were performed in an entrained flow reactor (drop-tube reactor – DTR), coupled with MS and nondispersive infrared sensor (NDIR). HHR experiments were complemented with CFD simulation of the multidimentional reacting flow field. A kinetic model of coal pyrolysis is employed to reproduce the experiments allowing a comprehensive assessment of the process. The suitability of this model is confirmed for LHR. The combination of HHR experiments with CFD simulations and kinetic modeling revealed the complexity of sulfur chemistry in coal combustion and allowed to better understand of the individual phenomena resulting in the formation of the different SOX precursors. LHR and HHR operating conditions lead to different distribution of sulfur species released, highly-dependent on the gas-phase temperature and residence time. Higher retention of total sulfur in char is observed at LHR (63%) when compared to HHR (37–44%), at 1273 K. These data support the development of reliable models with improved predictability. 相似文献
968.
969.
From Infinite Chains according to 1∞[Zr(S2O7)4/2] in Zr(S2O7)2 to the unprecedented [Zr(S2O7)4]4– Anion in Ag4[Zr(S2O7)4] 下载免费PDF全文
The reaction of ZrCl4 with oleum (65 % SO3) in the presence of Ag2SO4 at 250 °C yielded colorless single crystals of Zr(S2O7)2 [orthorhombic, Pccn, Z = 4, a = 709.08(6) pm, b = 1442.2(2) pm, c = 942.23(9) pm, V = 963.5(2) × 106 pm3]. Zr(S2O7)2 shows Zr4+ ions in an eightfold distorted square antiprismatic coordination of oxygen atoms belonging to four chelating disulfate units. Each S2O72– ion is connected to a further Zr4+ ion leading to chains according to 1∞[Zr(S2O7)4/2]. The same reaction at a temperature of 150 °C resulted in the formation of Ag4[Zr(S2O7)4] [monoclinic, C2/c, Z = 4, a = 1829.35(9) pm, b = 704.37(3) pm, c = 1999.1(1) pm, β = 117.844(2)°, V = 2277.6(2) × 106 pm3]. Ag4[Zr(S2O7)4] exhibits the unprecedented [Zr(S2O7)4]4– anion, in which the central Zr4+ cation is coordinated by four chelating disulfate units. Thus, in Ag4[Zr(S2O7)4] the 1∞[[Zr(S2O7)4/2] chains observed in Zr(S2O7)2 are formally cut into pieces by the implementation of Ag+ ions. 相似文献
970.
Activation of Molecular Hydrogen by Bis(η5,η1‐pentafulvene)‐titanium Complexes – Efficient Formation of Titanium(III)hydrides 下载免费PDF全文
The synthesis and crystal structures of two dinuclear titanocene hydride complexes are reported. Both complexes, namely bis(η5‐(di‐para‐tolylmethyl)cyclopentadienyl)titanium hydride dimer, [(η5‐C20H19)2Ti(μ‐H)]2 ( 2a ), and bis(η5‐2‐adamantylcyclopentadienyl)‐titanium hydride dimer, [(η5‐C15H19)2Ti(μ‐H)]2 ( 2b ), are formed via activation of molecular hydrogen by the corresponding bis(η5,η1‐pentafulvene)titanium complexes 1a and 1b at ambient temperatures and pressures in high yields. The hydride complexes 2a and 2b exhibit planar [Ti2H2] cores and, as a result of the heterolytic cleavage of molecular hydrogen, substituted Cp Ligands were formed during the reaction. 相似文献