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151.
This work presents an electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy study of Sb irreversibly adsorbed on Pt(111) at various potentials. At an open circuit potential (0.46 V vs a Ag/AgCl electrode), well-ordered structures of SbO+ were found: four (4 x 3)-3SbO+ structures and one (2 square root(3) x 2 square root(3))R30 degrees-3SbO+ structure. In addition, several unidentifiable transient structures of SbO+ were observed, and their relations to the well-ordered structures of (4 x 3) and (2 square root(3) x 2 square root(3))R30 degrees, regarding structural evolution, were proposed. At a reducing potential (0 V), the Pt(111) surface was covered with irreversibly adsorbed Sb which consisted of three different domains: protruded domain, domain of uniaxially incommensurate (square root(3) x square root(2))-Sb, and domain of bare (1 x 1) Pt(111). During oxidation of elemental Sb at 0.30 V, the Sb domains of the (square root(3) x square root(2)) structure were oxidized, while the protruded domains were not oxidized. After underpotential deposition of additional Sb onto the Pt(111) covered with irreversibly adsorbed Sb, the whole surface was filled with the Sb domains where each Sb atoms were separated by the square root(2a) distance (a = one Pt-Pt distance, 0.277 nm). The observed electrochemical inactivity below 0.3 V was discussed in terms of the protruded domain of a presumable incommensurate (square root(2) x square root(2)) structure. 相似文献
152.
A global convergence proof is presented for a class of trust region filter–type methods for nonlinear programming. Such methods
are characterized by their use of the dominance concept of multiobjective optimization, instead of a penalty parameter whose
adjustment can be problematic. The methods are based on successively solving linear programming subproblems for which effective
software is readily available. The methods also permit the use of steps calculated on the basis of an equality constrained
quadratic programming model, which enables rapid convergence to take place for problems in which second order information
is important.
The proof technique is presented in a fairly general context, allowing a range of specific algorithm choices associated with
choosing the quadratic model, updating the trust region radius and with feasibility restoration.
Received: July 4, 2001 / Accepted: December 19, 2002 Published online: March 21, 2003
Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 20E28, 20G40, 20C20 相似文献
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157.
Open-cell metal foams are often used in heat exchangers and absorption equipment because they exhibit large specific surface
area and present tortuous coolant flow paths. However, published research works on the characteristics of fluid flow in metal
foams are relatively scarce, especially for the flow oscillation condition. The present experimental investigation attempts
to uncover the behavior of steady and oscillating flows through metal foams with a tetrakaidecahedron structure. In the experiments,
steady flow was supplied by an auto-balance compressor and flow oscillation was provided by an oscillating flow generator.
The pressure drop and velocity were measured by the differential pressure transducer and hot-wire sensor, respectively. The
friction factor of steady flow in metal foam channel was analyzed through the permeability and inertia coefficient of the
porous medium. The results show that flow resistance in the metal foams increases with increasing form coefficient and decreasing
permeability. The empirical equation obtained by the present study indicates that the maximum friction factor of oscillating
flow through the tested aluminum foams with specific structure is governed by the hydraulic ligament diameter-based kinetic
Reynolds number and the dimensionless flow amplitude. 相似文献
158.
Kim KJ Choi HY Hwang SH Park YS Kwueon EK Choi DS Song CE 《Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)》2005,(26):3337-3339
Markedly enhanced recyclability of osmium catalyst in asymmetric dihydroxylation has been achieved by using osmylated macroporous resins bearing both residual vinyl groups and quaternary ammonium moiety. 相似文献
159.
Hydroxylation of alkyl halides with water in ionic liquid: significantly enhanced nucleophilicity of water 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kim DW Hong DJ Seo JW Kim HS Kim HK Song CE Chi DY 《The Journal of organic chemistry》2004,69(9):3186-3189
A facile method for the nucleophilic hydroxylation of alkyl halides and mesylates with water has been developed in which the use of ionic liquid as an alternative reaction medium not only enhanced the nucleophilicity of water but also reduced the formation of elimination products predominantly formed under the conventional basic reaction conditions. For example, hydroxylation of model compound 2-(3-bromopropyl)naphthalene (1) to 2-(3-hydroxypropyl)naphthalene (2) with water in 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF(4)]) and 1,4-dioxane proceeded selectively in high yield (94%). The reactivity of other nucleophilic oxygen sources such as alcohol, phenol, and acetic acid in an ionic liquid was also investigated. 相似文献
160.
White CG Burnstein RA Chakravorty A Chan A Chen YC Choong WS Clark K Dukes EC Durandet C Felix J Gidal G Gu P Gustafson HR Ho C Holmstrom T Huang M James C Jenkins CM Kaplan DM Lederman LM Leros N Longo MJ Lopez F Lu LC Luebke W Luk KB Nelson KS Park HK Perroud JP Rajaram D Rubin HA Teng PK Volk J White SL Zyla P;HperCP Collaboration 《Physical review letters》2005,94(10):101804
A sensitive search for the rare decays Omega(-)--> Lambdapi(-) and Xi(0)--> ppi(-) has been performed using data from the 1997 run of the HyperCP (Fermilab E871) experiment. Limits on other such processes do not exclude the possibility of observable rates for |DeltaS| = 2 nonleptonic hyperon decays, provided the decays occur through parity-odd operators. We obtain the branching-fraction limits B(Omega(-)-->Lambdapi(-)) < 2.9 x 10(-6) and B(Xi(0)--> ppi(-)) < 8.2 x 10(-6), both at 90% confidence level. 相似文献