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151.
Droplet microfluidics has attracted much attention in recent years. For many droplet-based applications, researchers want to predict the size of the droplets in a certain experimental condition. To meet this need, van Steijn and colleagues proposed an elegant theoretical model that predicts the volume of droplets generated in a common channel configuration for forming a steady-state, continuous stream of droplets, the T-junction geometry. To determine the accuracy of this model in predicting droplet volume, we performed a systematic experimental study over two orders of magnitude in capillary number. We found that this model, albeit elegant, has a limited range of interfacial tension over which it can predict accurately the droplet volume. Our experimental results, together with fluid dynamic simulations, allowed us to highlight the importance of physical fluid properties when employing theoretical models. 相似文献
152.
Quality control is an important and integral part to any microfabrication process. While the widths of features often can be easily assessed by light microscopy, the heights of the fabricated structures are more difficult to determine. Here, we present a rapid, accurate, and low-cost method to measure the heights of microfabricated structures during and after the fabrication process. This technique is based on white-light interferometry, which offers accuracy on the submicrometre scale. 相似文献
153.
A study of the relationship between competitiveness and technological innovation capability based on DEA models 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Jian Cheng Guan Richard C.M. Yam Chiu Kam Mok Ning Ma 《European Journal of Operational Research》2006,170(3):971-986
Researchers and managers have been searching for appropriate methods to explore the relationship between technological innovation capability and competitiveness in recent years. This study attempts to find a systematic quantitative methodology to tackle this problem. In a recent survey covering 182 industrial innovative firms in China, the traditional data envelopment analysis (DEA) model was employed to analyze the data collected. The research results show that only 16% of the enterprises operate on the best-practice frontier and there are some inconsistencies between organizational innovation capability and competitiveness in many enterprises. Decreasing returns to scale were found among about 70% of the inefficient enterprises and increasing returns to scale were found among the remaining 30% of the inefficient enterprises. Thus the internal innovation harmonizing process in these enterprises is considerably inefficient. Based on the restricted ranges of the input/output factors, a multi-objective DEA projection model has also been developed in this study to provide a benchmark for auditing competitiveness. Research results further indicate that there is still much room for enterprises to improve competitiveness in situations of confining score ranges of technological innovation capability and competitiveness. 相似文献
154.
155.
A truly miscible ternary miscible blend consisting of poly(?‐caprolactone) (PCL), poly(phenyl methacrylate), and poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) was discovered. The three‐polymer blend system was completely miscible within the entire composition range at ambient temperature up to about 150 °C, and ternary phase diagrams at increasing temperatures were characterized and interpreted. A ternary‐interaction model based on the modified Flory–Huggins expression was used to describe the phase diagrams with the individual binary interaction strengths. The model fitted well with the experimental‐phase diagram for the ternary blend system at T = 250 °C, where the binary PCL‐PBzMA blend system is on the critical points of phase separation. Interpretation of discrepancy between the model and experimental at other temperatures was handled with an empirical approach. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 747–754, 2002 相似文献
156.
T Cairns K S Chiu E Siegmund M Weber 《Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM》1992,6(7):449-453
Ion-trap chemical-ionization performance has been improved by application of a modified scan function for the rejection of the undesired electron-ionization-like (EI-like) ions formed at the beginning of the reaction ionization period. The net effect of this software modification to the automatic reaction control is to produce chemical ionization (CI) spectra that are no longer adulterated with concentration-dependent EI-like ions. Under such improved conditions, CI spectra from an ion trap can now be directly compared with CI spectra produced on conventional quadrupole and magnet-scanning instruments. 相似文献
157.
Chun‐Hsiung Chien Yu‐Hsu Chang Chih‐Pin Tsai Chih‐Wei Peng Lung‐Shen Wang Pei‐Sun Sheng Chi‐Young Lee Hsin‐Tien Chiu 《中国化学会会志》2006,53(2):287-292
Black solid precursors obtained from reactions between MCl5 (M = Nb, Ta) and alkyllithiums, n‐butyllithium (nBuLi) and ethyllithium (EtLi), in tetrahydrofuran (THF) were heat treated under vacuum at 673–973 K to form nano‐sized particles (20–100 nm in diameter) of lithium niobate (LiNbO3) and lithium tantalate (LiTaO3). Stoichiometry of the reactants is critical and affects the phases of the products. Based on the volatile byproducts detected, a reaction pathway involving the activation of THF by alkyllithiums is proposed to be important for the formation of LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 precursors. 相似文献
158.
Chung‐Yang Chuang Trong‐Ming Don Wen‐Yen Chiu 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2009,47(11):2798-2810
In this research, thermo‐ and pH‐responsive nanoparticles with an average diameter of about 50–200 nm were synthesized via the surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization. The thermal/pH dual responsive properties of these nanoparticles were designed by the addition of a pH sensitive monomer, acrylic acid (AA), to be copolymerized with N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) in a chitosan (CS) solution. The molar ratio of CS/AA/NIPAAm in the feed was changed to investigate its effect on structure, morphology, thermal‐ and pH‐responsive properties of the nanoparticles. It was found that CS‐PAA‐PNIPAAm nanoparticles could be well dispersed in the aqueous solution and carried positive charges on the surface. The addition of thermal‐sensitive NIPAAm monomer affected the polymerization mechanism and interactions between CS and AA. The particle size of the nanoparticles was found to be varied with the composition of NIPAAm monomer in the feed. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited stimuli‐responsive properties, and their mean diameter thus could be manipulated by changing pH value and temperature of the environment. The nanoparticles showed a continuous release of the encapsulated doxycycline hyclate up to 10 days during an in vitro release experiment. The environmentally responsive nanoparticles are expected to be used in many fields such as drug delivery system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2798–2810, 2009 相似文献
159.
The reduction of ReCl4(THF)2 in the presence of excess t-butylisocyanide by sodium amalgam produces pentakis(t-butylisocyanide)chlororhenium(I), which has been converted to the corresponding methyl and ethyl derivatives. The reaction of pentakis(trimethylphosphine)chlororhenium(I) with ButNC gives partially substituted complexes, ReCl(CNBut)2(PMe3)3 and ReCl(CNBut)3(PMe3)2. The structures of both compounds have been determined by X-ray methods. Octahedral ReCl(CNBut)2(PMe3)3 has trans isocyanide groups with one linear [C---N---C = 175(1)°] and one slightly bent [C---N---C = 159(1)°]. The Re---C bond lengths are equal within experimental error [2.004(7), 2.003(7)Å]. In the octahedral ReCl(CNBut)3(PMe3)2, for which the structure is not well defined, due to disorder, the unique isocyanide trans to chlorine is considerably bent at the nitrogen atom [C---
---C = 141(6)°] and appears to show the shortest Re---C bond length, 1.94(5) vs 2.02(5)Å for the other two isocyanides which are mutually trans. Protonation of these two isocyanide complexes with fluoroboric acid gives, respectively, the salts [ReCl(CNBut)CNHBut(PMe3)3]BF4 and [ReCl(CNBut)2CNHBut(PMe3)2]BF4, whose configurations have been determined by NMR spectroscopy. The reduction by sodium amalgam of Cr2(CO2Me)4 in tetrahydrofuran in presence of ButNC gives a high yield of Cr(CNBut)6 while similar reduction of the dimeric tungsten(II) complex of the anion (mhp) of 2-methyl-6- hydroxypyridine gives W(CNBut)6. Interaction of W2(mhp)4 in methanol-ether with ButNC gives a tungsten(I) complex W2(η-mhp)2(ButNC)4, which may be an intermediate in the reductive cleavage reaction. Interaction of cis-PtMe2(PMe3)2 with ButNC leads only to replacement of one PMe3 group to give the complex cis-PtMe2(PMe3)(CNBut). 相似文献
160.
From electrical resistivity measurements on PdH samples we have separated out the optical and acoustic phonon contributions. The onset of optical resistivity coincides with the occurence of superconductivity, supporting the recent evidence that optical phonons play the major role in the formation of superconductivity in PdH system. 相似文献