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31.
32.
Charles Blair 《Mathematical Programming》1995,71(2):127-136
We identify a class of formulas computable in polynomial time such that the functions defined by these formulas are precisely the value functions of mixed-integer programs with rational constraint coefficients. 相似文献
33.
Charles W. Wolgemuth Raymond E. Goldstein Thomas R. Powers 《Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena》2004,190(3-4):266-289
Certain bacteria form filamentous colonies when the cells fail to separate after dividing. In Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thermus, and Cyanobacteria, the filaments can wrap into complex supercoiled structures as the cells grow. The structures may be solenoids or plectonemes, with or without branches in the latter case. Any microscopic theory of these morphological instabilities must address the nature of pattern selection in the presence of growth, for growth renders the problem nonautonomous and the bifurcations dynamic. To gain insight into these phenomena, we formulate a general theory for growing elastic filaments with bending and twisting resistance in a viscous medium, and study an illustrative model problem: a growing filament with preferred twist, closed into a loop. Growth depletes the twist, inducing a twist strain. The closure of the loop prevents the filament from unwinding back to the preferred twist; instead, twist relaxation is accomplished by the formation of supercoils. Growth also produces viscous stresses on the filament which even in the absence of twist produce buckling instabilities. Our linear stability analysis and numerical studies reveal two dynamic regimes. For small intrinsic twist the instability is akin to Euler buckling, leading to solenoidal structures, while for large twist it is like the classic writhing of a twisted filament, producing plectonemic windings. This model may apply to situations in which supercoils form only, or more readily, when axial rotation of filaments is blocked. Applications to specific biological systems are proposed. 相似文献
34.
Fatima Hassine Said Gmouh Mathieu Pucheault Michel Vaultier 《Monatshefte für Chemie / Chemical Monthly》2007,57(12):1167-1174
In this work was presented an application of the use of task specific onium salts (TSOSs) as soluble supports in Grieco’s multicomponent synthesis of tetrahydroquinolines. These soluble supports are of wide applicability and combine advantages
of solid phase synthesis without its limitations with those of solution phase chemistry. After a simple washing step, products
were cleaved from the supports and obtained in pure form and good yields. 相似文献
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In this paper one specifies the ergodic behavior of the 2D-stochastic Navier–Stokes equation by giving a Large Deviation Principle for the occupation measure for large time. It describes the exact rate of exponential convergence. The considered random force is non-degenerate and compatible with the strong Feller property. 相似文献
38.
It was argued by Schramm and Smirnov that the critical site percolation exploration path on the triangular lattice converges
in distribution to the trace of chordal SLE
6. We provide here a detailed proof, which relies on Smirnov’s theorem that crossing probabilities have a conformally invariant
scaling limit (given by Cardy’s formula). The version of convergence to SLE
6 that we prove suffices for the Smirnov–Werner derivation of certain critical percolation crossing exponents and for our analysis
of the critical percolation full scaling limit as a process of continuum nonsimple loops.
Research of Charles M.Newman was partially supported by the US NSF under grants DMS-01-04278 and DMS-06-06696. 相似文献
39.
Enantioselective biocatalysis in nonaqueous media is becoming increasingly important in preparative synthetic chemistry. This article discusses (1) the general catalytic properties of enzymes in nonaqueous environments, (2) the basic principles that govern lipase-catalyzed enantioselective esterification and transesterification reactions in organic media for the preparation of optically active acids and alcohols, (3) the determination of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, and (4) the quantitative analysis of published data. 相似文献
40.
The aim of this article is to give a new dynamical proof of the Ferrand–Obata theorem when the manifold is compact. This will give us a generalisation of this theorem to transversally conformal foliations ofcodimension greater than three and constant basic functions. 相似文献