Enhancing Bioactive Saponin Content of Raphanus sativus Extract by Thermal Processing at Various Conditions

Pickled radish (Raphanus sativus) is a traditional Asian ingredient, but the traditional method takes decades to make this product. To optimize such a process, this study compared the saponin content of pickled radishes with different thermal processing and traditional processes (production time of 7 days, 10 years, and 20 years) and evaluated the effects of different thermal processes on the formation of radish saponin through kinetics study and mass spectrometry. The results showed that increasing the pickling time enhanced the formation of saponin in commercial pickled radishes (25 °C, 7 days, 6.50 ± 1.46 mg g⁻¹; 3650 days, 23.11 ± 1.22 mg g⁻¹), but these increases were lower than those induced by thermal processing (70 °C 30 days 24.24 ± 1.01 mg g⁻¹). However, it was found that the pickling time of more than 10 years and the processing temperature of more than 80 °C reduce the saponin content. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis showed that the major saponin in untreated radish was Tupistroside G, whereas treated samples contained Asparagoside A and Timosaponin A1. Moreover, this study elucidated the chemical structure of saponins in TPR. The findings indicated that thermal treatment could induce functional saponin conversion in plants, and such a mechanism can also be used to improve the health efficacy of plant-based crops.     

By-Product of the Red Ginseng Manufacturing Process as Potential Material for Use as Cosmetics: Chemical Profiling and In Vitro Antioxidant and Whitening Activities

Red ginseng (RG), which is obtained from heated Panax ginseng and is produced by steaming followed by drying, is a valuable herb in Asian countries. Steamed ginseng dew (SGD) is a by-product produced in processing red ginseng. In the present study, phytochemical profiling of extracts of red ginseng and steamed ginseng dew was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF-MS) analysis. Additionally, antioxidant activities (DPPH, ·OH, and ABTS scavenging ability) and whitening activities (tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory activity) were analyzed. Phytochemical profiling revealed the presence of 66 and 28 compounds that were non-saponin components in chloroform extracts of red ginseng and steamed ginseng dew (RG-CE and SGD-CE), respectively. Meanwhile, there were 20 ginsenosides identified in n-butanol extracts of red ginseng and steamed ginseng dew (RG-NBE and SGD-NBE). By comparing the different polar extracts of red ginseng and steamed ginseng dew, it was found that the ethyl acetate extract of red ginseng (RG-EAE) had the best antioxidant capacity and whitening effect, the water extract of steamed ginseng dew (SGD-WE) had stronger antioxidant capacity, and the SGD-NBE and SGD-CE had a better whitening effect. This study shows that RG and SGD have tremendous potential to be used in the cosmetic industries.     

An exsolution constructed FeNi/NiFe2O4 composite: preferential breaking of octahedral metal–oxygen bonds in a spinel oxide

Exsolution is an ingenious strategy for the in situ construction of metal- or alloy-decorated oxides and, due to its promising energy related catalysis applications, has advanced from use in perovskites to use in spinels. Despite its great importance for designing target composites, the ability to identify whether active metal ions at octahedral or tetrahedral sites will preferentially exsolve in a spinel remains unexplored. Here, an inverse spinel NiFe₂O₄ (NFO) was employed as a prototype and FeNi/NFO composites were successfully constructed via exsolution. The preferential breaking of octahedral metal–oxygen bonds in the spinel oxide was directly observed using Mössbauer and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. This was further verified from the negative segregation energies calculated based on density-functional theory. One exsolved FeNi/NFO composite exhibits enhanced electrochemical activity with an overpotential of 283 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² and a long stability time for the oxygen evolution reaction. This work offers a unique insight into spinel exsolution based on the preferential breaking of chemical bonds and may be an effective guide for the design of new composite catalysts where the desired metal ions are deliberately introduced to octahedral and/or tetrahedral sites.

The preferential breaking of octahedral metal–oxygen bonds is exploited to construct an exsolved FeNi/NFO composite for an efficient oxygen evolution reaction.     

算子方程AX=P和XA=Q解的唯一性

<正>1引言设H是Hilbert空间,B(H)是H上有界线性算子全体生成的Banach代数.设A ∈B(H),用A^*,R(A)和N(A)分别表示A的自伴算子,A的值域和A的核空间.用L(H)={P∈B(H):P=P²}表示H上所有幂等算子组成的集合.当P²=P=P^*时,称幂等算子P为正交投影.设M是Hilbert空间H的闭子空间,用P_M表示值域为M的正交投影.满足算子方程(Ⅰ)ASA=A的算子S称为算子A的内逆A-,满足(Ⅱ)SAS=S的S称为A的外逆.     

An Improved Temporal Fusion Transformers Model for Predicting Supply Air Temperature in High-Speed Railway Carriages

A key element for reducing energy consumption and improving thermal comfort on high-speed rail is controlling air-conditioning temperature. Accurate prediction of air supply temperature is aimed at improving control effects. Existing studies of supply air temperature prediction models are interdisciplinary, involving heat transfer science and computer science, where the problem is defined as time-series prediction. However, the model is widely accepted as a complex model that is nonlinear and dynamic. That makes it difficult for existing statistical and deep learning methods, e.g., autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA), convolutional neural network (CNN), and long short-term memory network (LSTM), to fully capture the interaction between these variables and provide accurate prediction results. Recent studies have shown the potential of the Transformer to increase the prediction capacity. This paper offers an improved temporal fusion transformers (TFT) prediction model for supply air temperature in high-speed train carriages to tackle these challenges, with two improvements: (i) Double-convolutional residual encoder structure based on dilated causal convolution; (ii) Spatio-temporal double-gated structure based on Gated Linear Units. Moreover, this study designs a loss function suitable for general long sequence time-series forecast tasks for temperature forecasting. Empirical simulations using a high-speed rail air-conditioning operation dataset at a specific location in China show that the temperature prediction of the two units using the improved TFT model improves the MAPE by 21.70% and 11.73%, respectively the original model. Furthermore, experiments demonstrate that the model effectively outperforms seven popular methods on time series computing tasks, and the attention of the prediction problem in the time dimension is analyzed.     

Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering of Hydrogen Plasma-Treated Few-Layer MoTe_2

Two-dimensional surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) substrates have drawn intense attention due to their excellent spectral reproducibility, high uniformity and perfect anti-interference ability. However, the inferior detection sensitivity and low enhancement have limited the practical application of two-dimensional SERS substrates. To address this issue, we propose that the interaction between the MoTe_2 substrate and the analyte rhodamine 6 G molecules could be remarkably enhanced by the introduced p-doping effect and lattice distortion of MoTe_2 via hydrogen plasma treatment. After the treatment, the SERS is greatly improved, the enhancement factor of probe molecules reaches 1.83 × 10~6 as well as the limit of detection concentration reaches 10-13 M.This method is anticipated to afford new enhancement probability for other 2D materials, even non-metal oxide semiconductor SERS substrates.     

抛光工艺参数对熔石英元件低频面形精度的影响

根据工件与抛光盘的相对运动关系及熔石英元件抛光加工材料去除模型,系统分析了转速比和偏心距等参数对材料去除函数的影响。通过理论分析和抛光加工实验,研究了不同工艺参数对低频段面形精度的影响规律。利用高分辨率检测仪器对熔石英元件低频面形误差进行了检测,优选出较佳的抛光工艺参数组合,并进行了相应的实验验证,提出了提高光学元件抛光加工低频面形质量的相应措施。     

Thermal,Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of Polyimide Composite Films by In-Situ Reduction of Fluorinated Graphene

Materials with outstanding mechanical properties and excellent dielectric properties are increasingly favored in the microelectronics industry. The application of polyimide (PI) in the field of microelectronics is limited because of the fact that PI with excellent mechanical properties does not have special features in the dielectric properties. In this work, PI composite films with high dielectric properties and excellent mechanical properties are fabricated by in-situ reduction of fluorinated graphene (FG) in polyamide acid (PAA) composites. The dielectric permittivity of pure PI is 3.47 and the maximum energy storage density is 0.664 J/cm³ at 100 Hz, while the dielectric permittivity of the PI composite films reaches 235.74 under the same conditions, a 68-times increase compared to the pure PI, and the maximum energy storage density is 5.651, a 9-times increase compared to the pure PI films. This method not only solves the problem of the aggregation of the filler particles in the PI matrix and maintains the intrinsic excellent mechanical properties of the PI, but also significantly improves the dielectric properties of the PI.     

具有初始构型的MEMS驱动器的跳跃和吸合现象研究

在曲梁变形后以弧长为参数的自然坐标系中,利用曲梁大变形分析理论,建立了具有任意初始构型的微电驱动器大变形电动力学分析的数学模型,并采用微分求积法(DQM)进行空间离散,得到了一组具有强非线性的微分-代数系统方程,运用Petzold-Gear BDF方法进行时间域内的求解.研究了MEMS驱动器在电场力作用下的瞬态动力学特性,包括跳跃(snap-through)和吸合(pull-in)现象,并与已有实验结果进行了比较.     

基于光电子脉冲展宽的高时间分辨成像技术

为获取超快光脉冲信号,提出了一种基于光电子脉冲准线性展宽的高时间分辨二维成像技术。利用高频时变电场的线性工作区加速光电子脉冲信号,通过优化阴极激励源的电参数,选择光电子进入加速区的时刻实现光电子脉冲的准线性展宽。利用曝光时间100 ps的门控选通微通道板在脉冲展宽模块的记录面进行选通曝光成像,实现高时间分辨的二维成像。为改善系统的空间分辨和成像畸变,添加轴向聚焦磁场解决电子漂移区中由电子空间电荷效应引起的时间和空间弥散,对于能量4 keV、出射角0.1的电子束,聚焦磁场的最佳强度为0.057 T,此时阴极中心位置的空间分辨可达5 lp/mm,阴极边缘位置空间分辨稍差。基于光电子脉冲准线性展宽技术,可将漂移距离50 cm,初始脉宽10 ps的电子脉冲展宽10倍,从而可将门控MCP探测器的时间分辨提高1个量级（即10 ps以内）。