Simultaneous determination of nine lignans from Schisandra chinensis extract using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry in rat plasma,urine, and gastrointestinal tract samples: Application to the pharmacokinetic study of Schisandra chinensis

The fruit of Schisandra chinensis is a well‐known herbal medicine and dietary supplement due to a variety of biological activities including antihepatotoxic and antihyperlipidemic activities. However, the simultaneous validation methodology and pharmacokinetic investigation of nine lignans of S. chinensis extract in biological samples have not been proved yet. Thus, the present study was undertaken to develop the proper sample preparation method and simultaneous analytical method of schisandrol A, gomisin J, schisandrol B, tigloylgomisin H, angeloylgomisin H, schisandrin A, schisandrin B, gomisin N, and schisandrin C in the hexane‐soluble extract of S. chinensis to apply for the pharmacokinetic study in rats. All intra‐ and interprecisions of nine lignans were below 13.7% and accuracies were 85.1–115% and it is enough to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters after both intravenous and oral administration of hexane‐soluble extract of S. chinensis to rats.     

Identification and analysis of alkaloids in cortex Phellodendron amurense by high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled with photodiode array detection

Alkaloids from Cortex Phellodendron amurense Rupr. were identified to determine the material basis for the bioactivity of this herb. HPLC–ESI‐MS with photodiode array detection coupled to XCharge C₁₈ column was applied to analyze the alkaloids qualitatively and quantitatively. A total of 37 alkaloids were identified and tentatively characterized from the ethanol extract by online ESI‐MSⁿ fragmentation and UV spectral analysis. A total of ten alkaloids, including four novel natural products, were tentatively identified for the first time in P. amurense. The fragmentation pathways for certain compounds were analyzed. The contents of a pair of isomers (columbamine and jatrorrhizine) and four main alkaloids (phellodendrine, magnoflorine, berberine, and palmatine) were simultaneously quantified using the aforementioned method. Results showed that the newly discovered and known components of P. amurense were helpful in determining the material basis for the bioactivity of the herb. The application of the XCharge C₁₈ column is a suitable and practical method for the isolation of alkaloids in plants.     

Determination of phthalate esters in edible oils by use of QuEChERS coupled with ionic-liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction before high-performance liquid chromatography

A selective and low organic-solvent-consuming method of sample preparation combined with high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection is introduced for analysis of phthalic acid esters in edible oils. Sample treatment involves initial liquid–liquid partitioning with acetonitrile, then QuEChERS cleanup by dispersive solid-phase extraction with primary secondary amine as sorbent. Preconcentration of the analytes is performed by ionic-liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, with the cleaned-up extract as disperser solvent and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate as extraction solvent. Under the optimized conditions, correlation coefficients (r) were 0.998–0.999 and standard errors (S _y/x ) were 2.67–3.37?×?10³ for calibration curves in the range 50–1000 ng g^?1. Detection limits, at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3, ranged from 6 to 9 ng g^?1. Intra-day and inter-day repeatability, expressed as relative standard deviation, were in the ranges 1.0–6.9 % and 2.4–9.4 %, respectively. Recovery varied between 84 % and 106 %. The developed method was successfully used for analysis of the analytes in 28 edible oils. The dibutyl phthalate content of four of the 28 samples (14 %) exceeded the specific migration limit established by domestic and international regulations.

Validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantitative determination of a novel fungicide: pyraoxystrobin in rat plasma and its application to a toxicokinetics study

A simple, sensitive, and reliable liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed for determination of pyraoxystrobin in rat plasma and applied to a toxicokinetics study. The separation was performed by gradient elution on a Luna 5 μ C18 (2) 100 Å column (50?×?4.6 mm I.D., 5 μm) with mobile phase: water (0.1 % formic acid, v/v)/acetonitrile (0.1 % formic acid, v/v), followed by quantification with a mass detector in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using ESI as an interface. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of 1.00–200 ng/mL. The recovery for pyraoxystrobin ranged from 101.4 to 108.2 %. The intraday bias and precision ranged from ?9.3 to 8.1 % and from 0.7 to 8.4 %, respectively, and the interday bias and precision ranged from ?0.3 to 4.0 % and from 4.4 to 7.2 %, respectively. The toxicokinetics of pyraoxystrobin after single 100 and 1,000 mg/kg oral doses were studied in rats. Figure

The chromatogram of pyraoxystrobin highest calibration standard (ULOQ) extract.     

Copper‐Catalyzed NH Insertion and Oxidative Aromatization Cascade: Facile Synthesis of 2‐Arylaminophenols

A copper‐catalyzed cascade reaction of N‐H insertion and oxidative aromatization has been developed. 2‐Arylaminophenols have been prepared in moderate to high yields from the diazo substrates. Moreover, this newly established methodology allows efficient access to natural 1‐oxygenated carbazole alkaloids, such as glycozolicine and murrayafoline A.     

A Highly Selective and Sensitive Turn-On Fluorescent Chemosensor Based on Rhodamine 6G for Iron(III)

Recently, more and more rhodamine derivatives have been used as fluorophores to construct sensors due to their excellent spectroscopic properties. A rhodamine-based fluorescent and colorimetric Fe³⁺ chemosensor 3’,6’-bis(ethylamino)-2-acetoxyl-2’,7’-dimethyl-spiro[1H-isoindole-1,9’-[9H]xanthen]-3(2H)-one (RAE) was designed and synthesized. Upon the addition of Fe³⁺, the dramatic enhancement of both fluorescence and absorbance intensity, as well as the color change of the solution, could be observed. The detection limit of RAE for Fe³⁺ was around 7.98 ppb. Common coexistent metal ions showed little or no interference in the detection of Fe³⁺. Moreover, the addition of CN⁻ could quench the fluorescence of the acetonitrile solution of RAE and Fe³⁺, indicating the regeneration of the chemosensor RAE. The robust nature of the sensor was shown by the detection of Fe³⁺ even after repeated rounds of quenching. As iron is a ubiquitous metal in cells and plays vital roles in many biological processes, this chemosensor could be developed to have applications in biological studies.     

Raman spectra of proton order of thin ice Ih film

The polarized Raman spectra of the upper part of a thin ice Ih film were obtained in the range of 150 cm⁻¹ to 3800 cm⁻¹. The spectra showed clear polarization dependence; several new peaks were also observed. The longitudinaloptic–tranverseoptic (LO–TO) splitting of the mode near 220 cm⁻¹ in the translational vibration region was experimentally confirmed at 133 K. The Fermi resonance between the bending overtone (around 3270 cm⁻¹) and symmetry stretching fundamental (around 3350 cm⁻¹) in the stretching vibration region appeared at nearly the same temperature. Results showed that ice XI (i.e. proton‐ordered phase of ice Ih) slowly formed in the upper part of a thin ice Ih film without KOH as the temperature gradually decreased below 133 K. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy Band Alignment and Redox-Active Sites in Metalloporphyrin-Spaced Metal-Catechol Frameworks for Enhanced CO2 Photoreduction

Two new chemically stable metalloporphyrin-bridged metal-catechol frameworks, InTCP-Co and FeTCP-Co, were constructed to achieve artificial photosynthesis without additional sacrificial agents and photosensitizers. The CO₂ photoreduction rate over FeTCP-Co considerably exceeds that obtained over InTCP-Co, and the incorporation of uncoordinated hydroxyl groups, associated with catechol, into the network further promotes the photocatalytic activity. The iron-oxo coordination chain assists energy band alignment and provides a redox-active site, and the uncoordinated hydroxyl group contributes to the visible-light absorptance, charge-carrier transfer, and CO₂-scaffold affinity. With a formic acid selectivity of 97.8 %, FeTCP-OH-Co affords CO₂ photoconversion with a reaction rate 4.3 and 15.7 times higher than those of FeTCP- Co and InTCP-Co, respectively. These findings are also consistent with the spectroscopic study and DFT calculation.     

Promotion Effect of Gold on Mo/ZSM-5 Catalyst for the Catalytic Cracking of Light Diesel Oil to Increase Propylene Production

Kinetics and Catalysis - Using a modified deposition-precipitation method, a series of Au–Mo/ZSM-5 catalysts with different Au loadings were prepared. The XRD, nitrogen adsorption-desorption,...     

Fractionated Crystallization Kinetics and Polymorphic Homocrystalline Structure of Poly(L-lactic acid)/Poly(D-lactic acid) Blends: Effect of Blend Ratio

Stereocomplex (SC) crystallization has been an effective way to improve the physical performances of stereoregular polymers. However, the competition between homo and SC crystallizations can lead to more complicated crystallization kinetics and polymorphic crystalline structure in stereocomplexable polymers, which influences the physical properties of obtained materials. Herein, we select the medium-molecular-weight (MMW) poly(_L-lactic acid)/poly(_D-lactic acid) (PLLA/PDLA) asymmetric blends with different PDLA fractions (f_D=0.01–0.5) as the model system and investigate the effects of f_D and crystallization temperature (T_c) on the crystallization kinetics and polymorphic crystalline structure. We observe the fractionated (i.e., multistep) crystallization kinetics and the formation of peculiar β-form homocrystals (HCs) in the asymmetric blends under quiescent conditions, which are strongly influenced by both f_D and T_c. Precisely, crystallization of β-form HCs is favorable in the MMW PLLA/PDLA blends with high f_D (≥0.2) at a low T_c (80–100 °C). It is proposed that the formation of metastable β-form HCs is attributed to the conformational matching between β-form HCs and SCs, and the stronger constrain effects of precedingly-formed SCs in the early stage of crystallization. Such effects can also cause the multistep crystallization kinetics of MMW PLLA/PDLA asymmetric blends in the heating process.