Nocturnal absorption of radio waves due to the ionisation produced by X-rays from Sco X-1 and Tau X-1 in the lower ionosphere

The night-time attenuation of LF radio waves of frequency 164 kHz transmitted from Tashkent and received at Ahmedabad has been found to have a sidereal time variation which is associated with the transits of the X-ray stars Sco X-1 and Tau X-1. Using the full-wave admittance method of Barron and Budden for calculating the intensity and polarisation of LF radio waves reflected from ionosphere during night-time when the atmosphere is irradiated by X-rays from Sco X-1 and Tau X-1, the attenuation of 164 kHz waves transmitted from Tashkent and received at Ahmedabad, has been calculated and compared with the observed results. The agreement is reasonably satisfactory.     

Effect of steric encumbrance of tris(3-phenylpyrazolyl)borate on the structure and properties of ternary copper(II) complexes having N,N-donor heterocyclic bases

Complexes of formulation [Cu(Tp(Ph))(L)](ClO(4)) (1-4), where Tp(Ph) is anionic tris(3-phenylpyrazolyl)borate and L is N,N-donor heterocyclic base, viz. 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy, 1), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 2), dipyridoquinoxaline (dpq, 3), and dipyridophenazine (dppz, 4), are prepared from a reaction of copper(II) acetate.hydrate with KTp(Ph) and L in CH(2)Cl(2) and isolated as perchlorate salts. The complexes are characterized by analytical, structural, and spectral methods. The crystal structures of complexes 1-4 show the presence of discrete cationic complexes having the metal, Tp(Ph), and L in a 1:1:1 ratio and a noncoordinating perchlorate anion. The complexes have a square-pyramidal 4 + 1 coordination geometry in which two nitrogens of L and two nitrogens of the Tp(Ph) ligand occupy the basal plane and one nitrogen of Tp(Ph) binds at the axial site. Complexes 3 and 4 display distortion from the square-pyramidal geometry. The Cu-N distances for the equatorial and axial positions are approximately 2.0 and 2.2 A, respectively. The phenyl groups of Tp(Ph) form a bowl-shaped structure that encloses the [CuL] moiety. The steric encumbrance is greater for the bpy and phen ligands compared to that for dpq and dppz. The one-electron paramagnetic complexes (mu approximately equal to 1.8 mu(B)) exhibit axial EPR spectra in CH(2)Cl(2) glass at 77 K giving g(parallel) and g(perpendicular) values of approximately 2.18 (A(parallel) = 128 G) and approximately 2.07. The data suggest a [d(x(2)-y(2))](1) ground state. The complexes are redox-active and display a quasireversible cyclic voltammetric response for the Cu(II)/Cu(I) couple near 0.0 V versus SCE with an i(pc)/i(pa) ratio of unity in CH(2)Cl(2) or DMF-0.1 M TBAP. The E(1/2) values of the couple vary in the order 4 > 3 > 2 > 1. A profound effect of steric encumbrance caused by the Tp(Ph) ligand is observed in the reactivity of 1-4 with the calf thymus (CT) and supercoiled (SC) DNA. Complexes 2-4 show similar binding to CT DNA. The propensity for the SC DNA cleavage varies as 4 > 3 > 2. The bpy complex does not show any significant binding or cleavage of DNA. Mechanistic investigations using distamycin reveal minor groove binding for 2 and 3 and a major groove binding for 4. The scission reactions that are found to be inhibited by hydroxyl radical scavenger DMSO are likely to proceed through sugar hydrogen abstraction pathways.     

Magnetic properties of transition metal ion cubic 5T2 terms in axial ligand fields

The theory of magnetic anisotropy and susceptibility is worked out for cubic ⁵T₂ terms, the degeneracy of which is partially lifted by a ligand field component of axial symmetry as well as by spin-orbit coupling. Matrix elements are calculated by application of the method of Abragam and Pryce to a set of M.O. based wave-functions. The anisotropy in covalency of the metal-ligand bond and in spin-orbit coupling is taken into account. Numerical values of principal magnetic moments, P and P , are calculated as function of kT/, /, and .The theoretical results are employed in a rigorius analysis of existing single crystal magnetic data on high-spin iron(II) compounds. For (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂·6 H₂O, =–100 cm^–1, =1070 cm^–1 and =0.8 to 0.6 is obtained. For FeSiF₆·6 H₂O, =–80 cm^–1, =–760cm^–1 at 77.3K and –580 cm^–1 between 20.4 and 1.57K, and 0.7 is derived. No unique fit is possible for K₂Fe(SO₄)₂·6 H₂O. The data are reproduced to better than ±1% in most cases. The limitations of the approach are stressed.

---

Zusammenfassung Die Theorie der magnetischen Anisotropie und der magnetischen SuszeptibilitÄt eines ⁵ T ₂ Grundterms im oktaedrischen Ligandenfeld wird für den Fall entwickelt, da\ die Entartung unter dem Einflu\ einer axial-symmetrischen Feldkomponente sowie der Spin-Bahn-Wechselwirkung teilweise aufgehoben ist. Eigenfunktionen werden auf der Grundlage der M.O.-Theorie aufgestellt, Matrixelemente mittels der Theorie von Abragam und Pryce ermittelt. Der Anisotropie der Metall-Ligand-Bindung sowie der Spin-Bahn-Kopplung wird Rechnung getragen. Numerische Werte für die magnetischen Hauptmomente P und P werden in AbhÄngigkeit von kT/, / und berechnet.Die Ergebnisse der Theorie werden für eine genaue Analyse der verfügbaren magnetischen Daten aus Messungen an Einkristallen magnetisch normaler Eisen(II)-Verbindungen verwendet. Für (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂·6 H₂O werden =–100 cm^–1, = 1070 cm^–1 und = 0,8 bis 0,6 erhalten. Für FeSiF₆·6 H₂O ergeben sich =–80 cm^–1, =–760 cm^–1 bei 77,3K und =–580 cm^–1 zwischen 20,4 und 1,57K sowie 0,7. Die experimentellen Daten können in den meisten FÄllen auf ±1% genau oder besser wiedergegeben werden. Bei K₂Fe(SO₄)₂·6 H₂O gelang keine eindeutige Bestimmung der theoretischen Parameter. Die Grenzen der vorliegenden Behandlung werden kritisch diskutiert.

---

Résumé La théorie de l'anisotropie magnétique et de la susceptibilité magnétique est développée pour les termes cubiques ⁵ T ₂, dont la dégénérescence est partiellement levée par une composante à symétrie axiale du champ de ligandes ainsi que par le couplage spin-orbite. Les éléments de matrice sont calculés à l'aide de la méthode d'Abragam et Pryce employée sur un système M.O. des fonctions d'onde de base. On a pris en consideration l'anisotropie de la liaison entre le metal et le ligand et aussi du couplage spin-orbite. Les valeurs numériques des moments magnétiques principaux P et P sont calculées en fonction de kT/, /, et .Les résultats théoriques sont employés dans une analyse détaillée des données magnétiques disponibles sur monocristaux des composés ferreux spin-élevés. Pour (NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂·6 H₂O on a obtenu =–100 cm^–1, =1070 cm^–1 et =0.8 à 0,6. Pour FeSiF₆·6 H₂O on a eu comme résultat =–80 cm^–1, =–760 cm^–1 à 77,3 K et =–580 cm^–1 entre 20,4 et 1,57K avec 0,7. Les valeurs expérimentales sont réprésentées dans la plupart de cas plus précises que ±1%. Au cas de K₂Fe(SO₄)₂·6 H₂O une détermination unique était impossible. Les limites de cette approximation sont discutées.

---

---

Postdoctoral Fellow, Theoretical Chemistry, 1963–1964.     

Encapsulation of paramagnetic 3d1-vanadium(IV) in an antiferromagnetically coupled dodecanuclear copper(II) cage

A mixed metal cluster [Cu12VO5L6] of a pentadentate Schiff base (H3L) containing vanadium(IV) in a dodecanuclear copper(I) cage is prepared by vanadyl templated self assembly of dicopper(II) precursor and the structurally characterized complex shows antiferromagnetic coupling involving copper(II) centers, which leads close to diamagnetism for the Cu(II) cage below 40 K in the presence of an encapsulated paramagnetic 3d1-V(IV) atom.     

Synthesis of pyrimidines from ketones using microwave irradiation

A simple, high yielding synthesis of pyrimidines from ketones in the presence of HMDS and formamide is described. Under microwave irradiation, heteroaromatic, aryl, aliphatic, and cyclic ketones cyclized to give pyrimidines in good yields.     

The mechanisms of the acid-catalysed dissociation of tris-β-diketonatoruthenium(III) complexes

Summary The reactions of four -diketonatoruthenium(III) complexes in the presence of HNO₃ andp-MeC₆H₄SO₃H in the 45° and 57° range were followed spectrophotometrically in Me₂COH₂O mixtures. Dissociation of Ru(acac)₃ follows [H⁺]-dependent and [H⁺]²-dependent paths, whereas the bzac and F₃acacF₃ complexes follow only the [H⁺]-dependent path. The bzbz (Dibenzoylmethanate) complex is inert. Protonation of the bound ligand leads to its rupture from the metal ion. The bzac complex is kinetically more inert than the acac complex, because of extra stability arising from interaction of the (bzac) benzene ring with the pseudo-aromatic diketonate ring of the complex. Considering the kinetic labilities, the complexes may be arranged in the order Ru(F₃acacF₃)₃>Ru(acac)₃>Ru(bzac)₃>Ru(bzbz)₃.Activation parameters for [H⁺] dependent path are: H ₁ 86.5±7, 69±5, 121±7 kJ mol^–1, S ₂ –52±10, –107±10, 57±8 JK^–1 mol^–1 for acac, bzac and F₃acacF₃ complexes respectively and H ₂ 67±5 kJ mol^–1, S ₂ –92±8 JK^–1 mol^–1 for the acac complex only.     

Reaction between cis-diaquabisbiguanideruthenium(III) and hexathiocyanatochromium(III) ions in aqueous media. A mechanistic survey on the formation of a dinuclear bridged complex

The reaction between two complex species [Ru(BigH)₂(H₂O)₂]³⁺ and [Cr(SCN)₆]^3– has been investigated in aqueous medium in the pH range 4.00–6.10, and followed in the 21–40 °C range. Pseudo-first order rate constants were evaluated using the chromium complex in a ten-fold excess. The plot of k _obs versus pH has a bell shaped profile. From this and other evidence it was concluded that only the [Ru(BigH)₂(OH)(H₂O)]²⁺ form of the ruthenium complex is reactive under the experimental conditions, and forms the dinuclear complex [Ru(BigH)₂--(SCN)₂-Cr(NCS)₄]⁰. The rate constant for the dinuclear complex formation at 31 °C is (2.57 ± 0.05) × 10^–3 mol^–1 s^–1. H = 60 ± 2 kJ mol^–1 and S = 116 ± 10 J K^–1 mol^–1.     

Synthesis, crystal structure and imine bond activation of a copper(II) Schiff base complex

A new copper(II) complex [Cu(HL)(ClO₄)](ClO₄) (1), where HL is a multidentate Schiff base N,N′-(2-hydroxypropane-1,3-diyl)bis(pyridine-2-aldimine), is prepared, structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography and its spectral and electrochemical properties studied. The complex forms a one-dimensional chain in the solid state structure in which the monomeric Cu(HL) units are linked by the perchlorate ligand. The complex has an axially elongated six coordinate geometry (4+2) with a CuN₄O₂ core in which the Schiff base ligand displays a tetradentate mode of bonding in the basal plane. The axial ligand is perchlorate with a significantly long Cu–O bond of ca. 2.6 Å. The one-electron paramagnetic complex displays a cyclic voltammetric response for the Cu(II)/Cu(I) couple at 0.01 V versus SCE in MeCN–0.1 M TBAP. The azomethine bond of the Schiff base in 1 on treatment with H₂O₂ undergoes oxidative conversion to form a bis(picolinato)copper(II) · dihydrate species through the formation of an amido intermediate as evidenced from the solution infrared spectral studies.     

Spectral signatures of the diffusional anomaly in water

Power spectra for various tagged particle quantities in bulk extended simple point charge model water [H. J. C. Berendsen, J. R. Grigera, and T. P. Straatsma, J. Phys. Chem. 91, 6269 (1987)] are shown to have a regime with 1f(alpha) dependence on frequency f with alpha lying between 1 and 1.5 if the dynamical changes in the particular observable are sensitive to the multiple time-scale behavior of the hydrogen-bond network. The variations in mobility associated with the diffusional anomaly are mirrored in the scaling exponent alpha associated with this multiple time-scale behavior, suggesting that monitoring of 1f(alpha) behavior is a simple and direct method for linking phenomena on three distinctive length and time scales: the local molecular environment, hydrogen-bond network reorganizations, and the diffusivity. Our results indicate that experimental studies of supercooled water to probe the density dependence of 1f(alpha) spectral features, or equivalent stretched exponential behavior in time-correlation functions, will be of interest.     

Designing molecules for PDT: red light-induced DNA cleavage on disulfide bond activation in a dicopper(II) complex

The binuclear copper(II) complex [Cu)(RSSR)2](1), where RSSR is a dianionic Schiff base derived from 2-(thioethyl)salicylaldimine having a disulfide bond is prepared, structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography and its photo-induced DNA cleavage activity studied. The Schiff base ligand H2RSSR is also structurally characterized. The crystal structure of shows the discrete dimeric nature of the complex with each metal showing square-planar geometry with a CuN2O2 coordination (Cu...Cu, 5.011(1)A). The tetradentate Schiff base RSSR acts as a linker of two copper centers. The sulfur atoms in the disulfide unit do not show any apparent interaction with the metal ion. Complex 1, which is cleavage inactive in the dark in the presence of reducing agents, shows significant cleavage of supercoiled pUC19 DNA on exposure to UV light of 312 nm or visible light of different wavelengths under aerobic conditions, in the absence of any additives. DNA cleavage data from control experiments reveal involvement of the disulfide unit as a photosensitizer undergoing photo-induced S-S bond cleavage on exposure to UV light and the resulting species activates molecular oxygen to form singlet oxygen (1O2) that causes DNA cleavage following a type-II process. Photo-induced DNA cleavage by 1 on red-light exposure using a CW laser of 632.8 nm or a pulsed ruby laser of 694 nm is proposed to involve sulfide radicals in a type-I process and hydroxyl radicals as the reactive species.