On a universal differential equation for the analytic terms of C-superpositions on the real line

It is proved that every continuous function on the real line can be approximated uniformly (in the sense of a specific norm) by superpositions of analytic functions, which are solutions of a single universal differential equation. Every superposition is some function belonging to . This improves a former result of the author, from which the superpositions are known to be continuous.     

Consequences of the Kramers-Kronig relations for light diffraction on thick gratings

Diffraction of monochromatic light on a grating leads to the attenuation of the transmitted beam of diffraction order zero. In the case of a thick grating the diffraction efficiency, and hence the effective attenuation coefficient, is a fast-varying function of the Bragg mismatch angle. According to Kramers-Kronig theory, the transmitted beam encounters a phase shift that also depends on the mismatch angle. This phase shift is measured for holographic gratings in a photoaddressable block copolymer and compared with analytical calculations.     

High-power supercontinuum generation in highly nonlinear, dispersion-shifted fibers by use of a continuous-wave Raman fiber laser

High-power supercontinua are demonstrated in highly nonlinear, dispersion-shifted fibers with a continuous-wave Raman fiber laser. Supercontinuum growth is experimentally studied under different combinations of fiber length and launch power to show output powers as high as 3.2 W and bandwidths greater than 544 nm. Modulation instability (MI) is observed to seed spectral broadening at low launch powers, and the interplay between MI and stimulated Raman scattering plays an important role in the growth of the continuum at high launch powers. The effect on continuum generation of parametric four-wave mixing coupled with the higher-order dispersion properties of the fiber is investigated.     

Synthesis of enantiopure B-nor-steroids by multiple Pd-catalyzed transformations

The synthesis of the novel enantiopure B-nor-steroid 9 is described employing a combination of a Suzuki- and a Heck-reaction. As substrates the 2-bromobenzylchloride (11) and the boronic ester 16 were used; the latter was prepared from the Hajos-Wiechert ketone derivative 17 in five steps. Noteworthy, the Heck-reaction was performed under microwave irradiation, which was much superior compared to the normal thermal reaction. The purpose of the described work is the design of novel estrogens, which bind to the β-unit of the maxi K⁺-channel located on the surface of the endothelium without showing the hormonal activity of estradiol 6.     

Synthesis and evaluation of new potential HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. New analogues of MKC-442 containing Michael acceptors in the C-6 position

Analogues of MKC-442 capable of undergoing Michael addition reactions were synthesised in order to investigate the activity against the HIV-1 mutant (Y181C). An improved activity was postulated on the basis of a possible covalent binding to the mercapto group of Cys181. Lithiation of the C-6 position of 1-ethoxymethyl-5-ethyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (5) was followed by reaction with alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes and oxidation of the alcohols formed to give the alkenoyl analogues 1a-3a. Analogues 1b-3b containing an allyloxymethyl group in the N-1 position instead of the ethoxymethyl group could not be synthesised due to isomerisation of the allylic group during the metallation reaction. The NMR data for compounds 1a-3a showed a hindered rotation, which was more pronounced for the 6-cyclohexenylcarbonyl derivative 3a than for the propenyl derivatives 1a and 2a. Moderate activity against wild type HIV-1 was observed for the alcohol 8 and the ketones 2a-3a. However, no activity was observed against the Y181C mutant.     

Do chemically saturated antihyperon abundancies signal the quark gluon plasma?

We first review the production and the possible chemical equilibration of strange particles at CERN-SPS energies within a microscopic hadronic transport calculation. It is shown in particular that the strange quarks are produced initially via string excitations in the primary, secondary and ternary interactions. We then further elaborate on a recent idea of antihyperon production by multi-mesonic reactions like $n_1 \pi + n_2 K \to \bar Y + p$ corresponding to the inverse of the strong binary baryon-antibaryon annihilation process. It is argued that by these reactions the (rare) antihyperons are driven towards local chemical equilibrium with pions, nucleons and kaons on a timescale of 1–3 fm/c in the still moderately baryon-dense initial hadronic environment after the termination of the prehadronic string phase. Accordingly this mechanism can provide a convenient explanation for the antihyperon yields at CERN-SPS energies without any need of a deconfined quark gluon plasma phase.     

Modular Breath Analyzer (MBA): Introduction of a Breath Analyzer Platform Based on an Innovative and Unique,Modular eNose Concept for Breath Diagnostics and Utilization of Calibration Transfer Methods in Breath Analysis Studies

Exhaled breath analysis for early disease detection may provide a convenient method for painless and non-invasive diagnosis. In this work, a novel, compact and easy-to-use breath analyzer platform with a modular sensing chamber and direct breath sampling unit is presented. The developed analyzer system comprises a compact, low volume, temperature-controlled sensing chamber in three modules that can host any type of resistive gas sensor arrays. Furthermore, in this study three modular breath analyzers are explicitly tested for reproducibility in a real-life breath analysis experiment with several calibration transfer (CT) techniques using transfer samples from the experiment. The experiment consists of classifying breath samples from 15 subjects before and after eating a specific meal using three instruments. We investigate the possibility to transfer calibration models across instruments using transfer samples from the experiment under study, since representative samples of human breath at some conditions are difficult to simulate in a laboratory. For example, exhaled breath from subjects suffering from a disease for which the biomarkers are mostly unknown. Results show that many transfer samples of all the classes under study (in our case meal/no meal) are needed, although some CT methods present reasonably good results with only one class.