Preservation theorems in linear continuous logic

Linear continuous logic is the fragment of continuous logic obtained by restricting connectives to addition and scalar multiplications. Most results in the full continuous logic have a counterpart in this fragment. In particular a linear form of the compactness theorem holds. We prove this variant and use it to deduce some basic preservation theorems.     

Mitigation of signal suppression caused by the use of trifluoroacetic acid in liquid chromatography mobile phases during liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis via post‐column addition of ammonium hydroxide

A method has been developed to reduce the mass spectrometric ion signal suppression associated with the use of TFA as an additive in LC mobile phases. Through post‐column infusion of diluted NH₄OH solution to LC eluents, the ammonium ion introduced causes the neutral analyte‐TFA ion pair to dissociate which consequently releases the protonated analyte as free ions into the gas phase (through regular electrospray ionization mechanisms). An ion signal improvement from 1.2 to 20 times for a variety of compounds had been achieved through the application of this method. The molar ratios of NH₄OH:TFA which result in a reduction of signal suppression were determined to be between 0.5:1 and 50:1. In addition, it was shown that this NH₄OH infusion method could reduce the level of doubly‐charged species and the product ions formed via in‐source collision. The use of diluted NH₄OH solution is favorable since it is compatible with mass spectrometry analysis, and it is applicable in both positive and negative‐ion generation mode. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.