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991.
The electrochemistry of monoclinic and tetragonal vanadium-doped zirconias (VZrO2), prepared from gel precursors with vanadium loadings ranging from 0.5 to 15 mol%, has been studied using abrasive-conditioned
graphite/polyester composite electrodes immersed in aqueous HCl and HClO4 solutions. Isolated vanadium centers form a solid solution in the zirconia lattice with a solubility limit close to 5 mol%.
Above 5 mol%, finely dispersed V2O5 is formed. Vanadium centers located at the boundary sites of the zirconia lattice display successive one-electron transfer
processes near to +0.25 and +0.10 V vs. SCE, whereas finely dispersed V2O5 yields three successive reduction processes at +0.46, +0.30, and +0.16 V vs. SCE. Electrochemical data indicate the presence
of both V5+ and V4+ centers in the lattice of monoclinic and tetragonal zirconias, the V5+/V4+ ratio decreasing as the vanadium loading increases.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
992.
The analysis of microbial communities is of increasing importance in life sciences and bioengineering. Traditional techniques of investigations like culture or cloning methods suffer from many disadvantages. They are unable to give a complete qualitative and quantitative view of the total amount of microorganisms themselves, their interactions among each other and with their environment. Obviously, the determination of static or dynamic balances among microorganisms is of fast growing interest. The generation of species specific and fluorescently labeled 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) fragments by the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) technique is a suitable tool to overcome the problems other methods have. For the separation of these fragments polyacrylamide gel sequencers are preferred as compared to capillary sequencers using linear polymers until now because of their higher electrophoretic resolution and therefore sizing accuracy. But modern capillary sequencers, especially multicapillary sequencers, offer an advanced grade of automation and an increased throughput necessary for the investigation of complex communities in long-time studies. Therefore, we adapted a T-RFLP technique to an automated high-throughput multicapillary electrophoresis device (ABI 3100 Genetic Analysis) with regard to a precise qualitative and quantitative characterization of microbial communities. 相似文献
993.
Inverse gas chromatography has been used to study the nematic-isotropic transition of a side chain liquid crystalline polymer (LCP). The mesogenic side groups are laterally attached to a polysiloxane backbone through a flexible spacer. The nematic-isotropic transition of this LCP coated onto a glass capillary column is detected by considering the variation with temperature of the retention volume and of the theoretical plate number for the several probes. The molecular diffusion coefficients, D, of naphthalene, fluorene, pyrene and o-terphenyl have been determined at different temperatures in the nematic phase of the LCP as well as in the isotropic melt. The values ranged between 10(-14) and 10(-12) m2 s(-1) for the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon probes tested. 相似文献
994.
The thermodynamic functions Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of solution, mixing and solvation of acetaminophen in propylene
glycol (PG) + ethanol (EtOH) cosolvent mixtures were evaluated from solubility data measured at several temperatures, using
the van't Hoff and Gibbs equations. The solubility was greater at 50% m/m of PG at 20.0^C, while it was greater at 80% of
PG at 40.0 ^C where m/m refers to mass percent. The solvation of this drug is appreciably greater in the mixtures than in
the pure solvents. By means of an enthalpy–entropy compensation analysis, complex behavior was found for the solution. From
0 up to 20% of PG and from 60 up to 100% of PG the solution process is enthalpy driven, whereas from 20 up to 60% of PG it
is entropy driven. These facts can be explained in terms of a decrease in the energy required for cavity formation in the
solvent for mixtures containing 20–60% of PG. 相似文献
995.
Dany Brouillette Gérald Perron Jacques E. Desnoyers 《Journal of solution chemistry》1998,27(2):151-182
Lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfone)imide (LiTFSI) is a promising electrolyte for high-energy lithium batteries due to its high solubility in most solvents and electrochemical stability. To characterize this electrolyte in solution, its conductance and apparent molar volume and heat capacity were measured over a wide range of concentration in glymes, tetraethylsulfamide (TESA), acetonitrile, -butyrolactone, and propylene carbonate at 25°C and were compared with those of LiClO4 in the same solvents. The glymes or n(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ethers (nEGDME), which have the chemical structure CH3–O–(CH2–CH2–O)
n
–CH3 for n = 1 to 4, are particularly interesting since they are electrochemically stable, have a good redox window, and are analogs of the polyethylene oxides used in polymer-electrolyte batteries. TESA is a good plasticizer for polymer-electrolyte batteries. Whenever required, the following properties of the pure solvents were measured: compressibilities, expansibilities, temperature and pressure dependences of the dielectric constant, acceptor number, and donor number. These data were used in particular to calculate the limiting Debye-Hückel parameters for volumes and heat capacities. The infinite dilution properties of LiTFSI are quite similar to those of other lithium salts. At low concentrations, LiTFSI is strongly associated in the glymes and moderately associated in TESA. At intermediate concentrations, the thermodynamic data suggests that a stable solvate of LiTFSI in EGDME exists in the solution state. At high concentrations, the thermodynamic properties of the two lithium salts approach those of the molten salts. These salts have a reasonably high specific conductivity in most of the solvents. This suggests that the conductance of ions at high concentration in solvents of low dielectric constant is due to a charge transfer process rather than to the migration of free ions. 相似文献
996.
Gérald Perron Lorraine Couture Jacques E. Desnoyers 《Journal of solution chemistry》1992,21(5):433-443
Liquid systems which have strong non-idealities, as seen from their thermodynamic properties, often show evidence of these interactions in the solid-liquid phase diagrams. This suggests that some of the structures present in the solid state can persist in the solution state, on a time average, up to temperatures much higher than the melting point. Volumes and heat capacities of typical systems were either taken from the literature or measured to illustrate this correlation with the phase diagrams. With mixtures of aprotic solvents which show nearly-ideal simple eutectic phase diagrams, the properties of the solutions are also nearly ideal. Examples of systems investigated which show strong non-idealities are ionic surfactant solutions, alcohol-water mixtures, chloroform-triethylamine mixtures and lithium salts in aprotic solvents.Paper written in the honor of Loren Hepler on the occasion of his retirement. 相似文献
997.
Olaf Heitzsch Karsten Gloe Alfréd Sabela Jiří Koryta Edwin Weber 《Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry》1992,13(4):311-319
The complex forming properties with alkali metal and ammonium ions of a series of oligo benzo-condensed 18-crown-6 ethers1–8 having a different gradation of lipophilicity and of molecular rigidity are investigated by voltammetry at the interface of two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) and by a liquid-liquid extraction technique. The experimental results obtained in the two phase system H2O/nitrobenzene are discussed in relation to the structure of the crown and the cation type. The stability constants for the 1 : 1 complexes of Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+ and NH
4
+
in nitrobenzene have been determined and compared with the extraction constants for the 1: 1 complexes of Na+ and K+ and for the 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 complexes of Cs+, showing the effect of oligo benzo condensation for the 18-crown-6 system. 相似文献
998.
The thermodynamic parameters
D[`(H)], D[`(G)], D[`(S)]298\Delta \bar H, \Delta \bar G, \Delta \bar S_{298}
and lg n resp. of the reactions indicated in the title have been computed from polarographic data. The numerical values obtained are nearly independent from the xanthate used. The overall formation constants increase as follows: Zn(II)<> 相似文献
999.
Geskin VM Grozema FC Siebbeles LD Beljonne D Brédas JL Cornil J 《The journal of physical chemistry. B》2005,109(43):20237-20243
We report on a quantum-chemical study of the electronic and optical properties of unsubstituted oligo(phenylene vinylene) (OPV) radical cations. Our goal is to distinguish the impact of the choice of molecular geometry from the impact of the choice of quantum-chemical method, on the calculated optical transition energies. The geometry modifications upon ionization of the OPV chains are found to depend critically on the theoretical formalism: Hartree-Fock (HF) geometry optimizations lead to self-localization of the charged defects while pure density functional theory (DFT) results in a complete delocalization of the geometric modifications over the whole conjugated backbone. The electronic structure and vertical transition energy associated with the lowest excited state of the radical cations have been calculated at the post-Hartree-Fock level within a configuration interaction (HF-CI) scheme and using the time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) formalism for different radical cation geometries. Interestingly, the changes in the calculated optical properties obtained when using different geometric structures are less important within a given method than the differences between methods for a given structure. The optical excitation is localized with HF-CI and delocalized with TD-DFT, almost irrespective of the molecular geometry; as a result, HF-CI excitation energies tend to saturate as the chain length increases, in contrast to the results from TD-DFT. 相似文献
1000.
Ruhlmann L Canny J Vaissermann J Thouvenot R 《Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)》2004,(5):794-800
Two new mixed-metal sandwich complexes [M(II)2(H2O)2Fe(III)2(P2W15O56)2]14- (abbreviated [M2Fe2P4W30], M(II) = Co(II), Mn(II)) were obtained at pH 3 by addition of M2+ to [Na2(H2O)2Fe(III)2(P2W15O56)2]16- (abbreviated [Na2Fe2P4W30]) without substitution in the alpha-[P2W15O56]12- (abbreviated [P2W15]) units. Their X-ray structures are reported. At lower pH, back conversion to [Na2Fe2P4W30] was followed by 31P NMR, electrochemistry and UV-visible spectroscopy. The preparation and the characterization in solution of the lacunary intermediate [NaCo(II)(H2O)2Fe(III)2(P2W15O56)2]15- (abbreviated [NaCoFe2P4W30]) is also described. 相似文献