The space of scalarly integrable functions for a Fréchet-space-valued measure

The space of all scalarly integrable functions with respect to a Fréchet-space-valued vector measure ν is shown to be a complete Fréchet lattice with the σ-Fatou property which contains the (traditional) space L¹(ν), of all ν-integrable functions. Indeed, L¹(ν) is the σ-order continuous part of . Every Fréchet lattice with the σ-Fatou property and containing a weak unit in its σ-order continuous part is Fréchet lattice isomorphic to a space of the kind .     

Oil-loaded monolinolein-based particles with confined inverse discontinuous cubic structure (Fd3m)

In our recent work, we reported on the effect of varying temperature and solubilizing tetradecane (TC) on the structural transitions observed in dispersed particles based on the monolinolein (MLO)-water-TC system. At a given temperature, the addition of TC induces a transition of the internal structure from the bicontinuous cubic phase, Pn3m, to the reversed hexagonal, H2, and to the isotropic liquid phase (water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsions). Our present study focuses on the discovery of a Fd3m phase (reversed discontinuous micellar cubic), which is formed in the MLO-water-TC system at a specific TC/MLO weight ratio. It is situated between the H2 and the isotropic liquid phase (W/O microemulsion). Remarkably, it is not found in the absence of TC by increasing the temperature. The Fd3m structure was investigated in detail by means of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The present work proves that the structural transformation in the dispersed particles from H2 (hexosomes) to the W/O microemulsion system (emulsified microemulsion (EME)) is indirect and it occurs gradually via an emulsified intermediate phase. Specifically, in addition to the nanostructured aqueous dispersions described above, we present new TC-loaded aqueous dispersions with a confined intermediate phase, which is a discontinuous micellar cubic phase of the symmetry Fd3m. We denoted this type of emulsified particles as "micellar cubosomes".     

Liquid crystal behaviour of ionic allylpalladium complexes containing 2-pyrazolylpyridine as bidentate N,N′-ligand

Two types of Pd-complexes containing the new N,N′-ligands 2-[3-(4-alkyloxyphenyl)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine (pz^Rpy; R = C₆H₄OC_nH_2n+1, n = 6 (hp), 10 (dp), 12 (ddp), 14 (tdp), 16 (hdp), 18 (odp)) (1-6), namely c-[Pd(Cl)₂(pz^Rpy)] (7-10) and c-[Pd(η³-C₃H₅)(pz^Rpy)]BF₄ (11-16), have been synthesised and characterised by different spectroscopic techniques. Those members of the second type containing the largest chains (R = ddp 13, tdp 14, hdp 15, odp 16) have been found to have liquid crystal properties showing smectic A mesophases. By contrast, neither the free ligands pz^Rpy nor their related c-[Pd(Cl)₂(pz^Rpy)] complexes exhibited mesomorphism. The new synthesised metallomesogens are mononuclear complexes with an unsymmetrical molecular shape as deduced from the X-ray structures of c-[Pd(η³-C₃H₅)(pz^Rpy)]BF₄ (R = hp, 11; dp, 12). Both compounds, which are isostructural, show a distorted square-planar environment on the palladium centres defined by the allyl and the bidentate pz^Rpy ligands. The crystal structure reveals that both the counteranion and the pz^Rpy ligand function as a source of hydrogen-bonding and intermolecular π?π contacts resulting in a ²D supramolecular assembly.     

A new method for the study of processes at the liquid-liquid interface using an array of microdroplets on a au electrode.

We report the fabrication of partially blocked gold electrodes, with regularly and hexagonally spaced inert hydrophobic blocks on their surface. The hydrophobic blocks, with diameters of 5 mum, are used to support liquid 5-nonyl-salicylaldoxime (Acorga-P50) droplets on the surface. By voltametrically monitoring the transport-controlled reduction rate of Cu(II) (in pH 5 solution) at the unblocked part of the gold surface it is possible to deduce, via simulation, the parameters controlling the rate of uptake of Cu(II) at the droplet-aqueous solution interface as the droplet "fills up" with Cu(II). Experimentally, it is recorded that the reduction current increases until the droplet is filled completely; after this, there is no further noticeable effect of the droplet coating. A rigorous theoretical analysis of the transients permits the deduction of partition coefficients between the aqueous solution and the organic-droplet phase and of diffusion coefficients within the droplet. The partition coefficient for Cu(II) between water and 5-nonyl-salicylaldoxime was found to be 200 at 25 degrees C and the diffusion coefficient of Cu(II) inside the organic phase was determined to be 5 x 10(-11) cm2 s(-1).     

Pd-catalyzed alkyl to aryl migration and cyclization: an efficient synthesis of fused polycycles via multiple C-H activation

A novel palladium migration methodology for the synthesis of complex fused polycycles has been developed. This process involves 1,4-palladium alkyl to aryl migrations via through-space C-H activation, followed by intramolecular arylation or an intermolecular Heck reaction providing a very efficient way to synthesize fused ring systems.     

Synthèse de spirohydantoines dérivées du diphényl-2,4-aza-3-bicyclo-[3.3.1]nonane et du diphényl-7,9-aza-8-bicyclo[4.3.1]decane par réaction de Bucherer dans la N,N-diméthylformamide: Influence de la température et cours stéréochimique. Communication préliminaire

Synthesis of Spyrohydantoines Derivatives of 2,4-Diphenyl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane and 7,9-Diphenyl-8-azabicyclo[4.3.1]decane via Bucherer Reaction in N,N-Dimethylformamide: Influence of the Temperature and Stereochemical Path The unreactives ketones related to 2,4-diphenyl-3-azabicyclo [3.3.1]nonan-9-one to the Bucherer reaction in usuals conditions show excellent reactivity in DMF. as unique solvant. The stereochemical paths of these reactions and the synthetic utility of the temperature modification are described.     

Limits to Perception by Quantum Monitoring with Finite Efficiency

We formulate limits to perception under continuous quantum measurements by comparing the quantum states assigned by agents that have partial access to measurement outcomes. To this end, we provide bounds on the trace distance and the relative entropy between the assigned state and the actual state of the system. These bounds are expressed solely in terms of the purity and von Neumann entropy of the state assigned by the agent, and are shown to characterize how an agent’s perception of the system is altered by access to additional information. We apply our results to Gaussian states and to the dynamics of a system embedded in an environment illustrated on a quantum Ising chain.     

Copper Complexes with New Pyridylpyrazole Based Ligands

We report the synthesis, characterization, and crystal structures of new ligands of the pyridinylpyrazole type, i.e., 3,5‐bis(4‐butoxyphenyl)‐1‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazole ( L ¹ ) and 3,5‐bis(4‐phenoxyphenyl)‐1‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazole ( L ² ) (Scheme 1), and the study of their coordination behavior towards Cu^I and Cu^II. The versatility of this type of ligand, which can give access to different coordination spheres about the metal center, depending on the nature of the copper starting material used in the preparation of the complexes (Scheme 2), is illustrated. Thus, pseudo‐tetrahedral Cu^I as well as six‐coordinated tetragonal and distorted tetragonal pyramidal Cu^II derivatives were obtained for [Cu(L)₂]PF₆, [Cu(Cl)₂(L)₂] (L= L ¹ , L ² ), and [Cu(Cl)( L ¹ )₂]PF₆, respectively. We also present a crystallographic support of a distorted octahedral cis‐bis(tetrafluoroborato‐κF)copper(II) compound found for [Cu(BF₄)₂( L ¹ )₂] ( 3 ).     

High-frequency sonoelectrochemical processes: mass transport, thermal and surface effects induced by cavitation in a 500 kHz reactor

The use of high frequency ultrasound in electrochemical systems is of major interest for the optimisation of electrosynthetic and electroanalytical procedures, especially when the strong mechanical effects of 20 kHz ultrasound are detrimental. The characterisation of a 500 kHz ultrasound reactor for sonoelectrochemical experiments by voltammetric and potentiometric measurements revealed the presence of considerable thermal, as well as mass transport, effects depending on geometric parameters and the material used for the construction of the working electrode. Micromixing and cavitation processes govern the mass transport to and from the electrode surface and are shown by atomic force microscopy (AFM) to cause erosion on the electrode surface. Electrochemically active films of Prussian blue are shown to be gradually removed by cavitation erosion. Degassing the solution prior to sonication increases the efficiency of cavitation processes.     

1,4-palladium migration via C-H activation, followed by arylation: synthesis of fused polycycles

A novel palladium migration/arylation methodology for the synthesis of complex fused polycycles has been developed, in which one or more sequential Pd-catalyzed intramolecular migration processes involving C-H activation are employed. The chemistry works best with electron-rich aromatics, which is in agreement with the idea that these palladium-catalyzed C-H activation reactions parallel electrophilic aromatic substitution.