全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1630篇 |
免费 | 30篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 785篇 |
晶体学 | 10篇 |
力学 | 33篇 |
数学 | 155篇 |
物理学 | 680篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 10篇 |
2020年 | 17篇 |
2019年 | 20篇 |
2018年 | 10篇 |
2017年 | 14篇 |
2016年 | 26篇 |
2015年 | 21篇 |
2014年 | 26篇 |
2013年 | 68篇 |
2012年 | 67篇 |
2011年 | 63篇 |
2010年 | 48篇 |
2009年 | 36篇 |
2008年 | 64篇 |
2007年 | 71篇 |
2006年 | 69篇 |
2005年 | 66篇 |
2004年 | 51篇 |
2003年 | 23篇 |
2002年 | 51篇 |
2001年 | 35篇 |
2000年 | 27篇 |
1999年 | 17篇 |
1998年 | 21篇 |
1997年 | 27篇 |
1996年 | 46篇 |
1995年 | 47篇 |
1994年 | 37篇 |
1993年 | 53篇 |
1992年 | 43篇 |
1991年 | 23篇 |
1990年 | 38篇 |
1989年 | 16篇 |
1988年 | 20篇 |
1987年 | 16篇 |
1986年 | 17篇 |
1985年 | 20篇 |
1984年 | 17篇 |
1983年 | 18篇 |
1982年 | 20篇 |
1981年 | 23篇 |
1980年 | 18篇 |
1979年 | 25篇 |
1978年 | 21篇 |
1977年 | 19篇 |
1976年 | 16篇 |
1975年 | 20篇 |
1974年 | 12篇 |
1973年 | 10篇 |
1972年 | 10篇 |
排序方式: 共有1663条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
991.
Two dimensional COSY, HETCOR and inverse HMBC experiments were performed on a natural alkaloid, Aspidospermine, which allowed complete 1H and 13C spectral assignments to be made. These results suggest that the reversal of certain 13C literature assignments of related compounds is required. 相似文献
992.
This article is concerned with the mechanisms by which type II superconductors can carry currents. The equilibrium properties of the vortex lattice are described and the generalized driving force in gradients of temperature and field is derived using irreversible thermodynamics. This leads to expressions for thermal cross effects which can include pinning forces. The field distributions which occur in a range of situations are derived and a number of useful solutions of the critical state given. In particular, the distribution in a longitudinal field is obtained, and the conditions under which force-free configurations can break down by the cutting of vortices discussed. The effects of lattice rigidity on the summation of pinning forces is considered and it is shown that a summation based on statistical arguments uses the same approximations and leads to the same results as a dissipation argument. Theoretical expressions are derived for the vortex pinning interaction to a number of different metallurgical defects. The theoretical models are compared critically with experimental measurements of pinning forces and other related phenomena, such as flux creep, low amplitude vortex oscillations and vortex lattice defect effects. Finally, the implications for technological materials are assessed. 相似文献
993.
994.
Smith SJ Page K Kim H Campbell BJ Boerio-Goates J Woodfield BF 《Inorganic chemistry》2012,51(11):6421-6424
Naturally occurring ferrihydrite is both impure and difficult to isolate, so the numerous applications and interesting properties of ferrihydrite have spurred the development of various synthetic techniques. Nearly all techniques are based on the hydrolysis of an iron salt and require careful control of temperature, pH, and concentration. In this Article, we report a new synthetic method which does not require such control and is perhaps the fastest and simplest route to synthesizing ferrhydrite. XRD, TEM, BET, and chemical purity characterizations show that the chemically pure, 2-line ferrihydrite product consists of crystallites 2-6 nm in diameter which aggregate to form mesoporous, high surface area agglomerates that are attractive candidates for the many adsorption applications of ferrihydrite. X-ray PDF data were also collected for the ferrihydrite product and refined against the hexagonal structural model recently proposed by Michel et al. These analyses suggest that ferrihydrite has a consistent, repeatable structure independent of variation in the synthetic method, water content of the sample, or particle size of the crystallites, and this structure can be adequately described by the proposed hexagonal model. 相似文献
995.
Kan CW Rivnak AJ Campbell TG Piech T Rissin DM Mösl M Peterça A Niederberger HP Minnehan KA Patel PP Ferrell EP Meyer RE Chang L Wilson DH Fournier DR Duffy DC 《Lab on a chip》2012,12(5):977-985
We report a method for isolating individual paramagnetic beads in arrays of femtolitre-sized wells and detecting single enzyme-labeled proteins on these beads using sequential fluid flows in microfabricated polymer array assemblies. Arrays of femtolitre-sized wells were fabricated in cyclic olefin polymer (COP) using injection moulding based on DVD manufacturing. These arrays were bonded to a complementary fluidic structure that was also moulded in COP to create an enclosed device to allow delivery of liquids to the arrays. Enzyme-associated, paramagnetic beads suspended in aqueous solutions of enzyme substrate were delivered fluidically to the array such that one bead per well was loaded by gravity. A fluorocarbon oil was then flowed into the device to remove excess beads from the surface of the array, and to seal and isolate the femtolitre-sized wells containing beads and enzyme substrate. The device was then imaged using standard fluorescence imaging to determine which wells contained single enzyme molecules. The analytical performance of this device as the detector for digital ELISA compared favourably to the standard method, i.e., glass arrays mechanically sealed against a silicone gasket; prostate specific antigen (PSA) could be detected from 0.011 pg mL(-1) up to 100 pg mL(-1). The use of an enclosed fluidic device to isolate beads in single-molecule arrays offers a multitude of advantages for low-cost manufacturing, ease of automation, and instrument development to enable applications in biomarker validation and medical diagnosis. 相似文献
996.
Mark D. Ainslie Tim J. FlackArchie M. Campbell 《Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications》2012,472(1):50-56
In this paper, the authors investigate the electromagnetic properties of stacks of high temperature superconductor (HTS) coated conductors with a particular focus on calculating the total transport AC loss. The cross-section of superconducting cables and coils is often modeled as a two-dimensional stack of coated conductors, and these stacks can be used to estimate the AC loss of a practical device. This paper uses a symmetric two dimensional (2D) finite element model based on the H formulation, and a detailed investigation into the effects of a magnetic substrate on the transport AC loss of a stack is presented. The number of coated conductors in each stack is varied from 1 to 150, and three types of substrate are compared: non-magnetic weakly magnetic and strongly magnetic. The non-magnetic substrate model is comparable with results from existing models for the limiting cases of a single tape (Norris) and an infinite stack (Clem). The presence of a magnetic substrate increases the total AC loss of the stack, due to an increased localized magnetic flux density, and the stronger the magnetic material, the further the flux penetrates into the stack overall. The AC loss is calculated for certain tapes within the stack, and the differences and similarities between the losses throughout the stack are explained using the magnetic flux penetration and current density distributions in those tapes. The ferromagnetic loss of the substrate itself is found to be negligible in most cases, except for small magnitudes of current. Applying these findings to practical applications, where AC transport current is involved, superconducting coils should be wound where possible using coated conductors with a non-magnetic substrate to reduce the total AC loss in the coil. 相似文献
997.
Aaltonen T Albrow MG Alvarez González B Amerio S Amidei D Anastassov A Annovi A Antos J Apollinari G Appel JA Arisawa T Artikov A Asaadi J Ashmanskas W Auerbach B Aurisano A Azfar F Badgett W Bae T Barbaro-Galtieri A Barnes VE Barnett BA Barria P Bartos P Bauce M Bedeschi F Behari S Bellettini G Bellinger J Benjamin D Beretvas A Bhatti A Bisello D Bizjak I Bland KR Blumenfeld B Bocci A Bodek A Bortoletto D Boudreau J Boveia A Brigliadori L Bromberg C Brucken E Budagov J Budd HS Burkett K 《Physical review letters》2012,108(8):081801
We have observed exclusive γγ production in proton-antiproton collisions at √s=1.96 TeV, using data from 1.11±0.07 fb(-1) integrated luminosity taken by the Run II Collider Detector at Fermilab. We selected events with two electromagnetic showers, each with transverse energy E(T)>2.5 GeV and pseudorapidity |η|<1.0, with no other particles detected in -7.4<η<+7.4. The two showers have similar E(T) and azimuthal angle separation Δφ~π; 34 events have two charged particle tracks, consistent with the QED process ppˉ→p+e(+)e(-)+pˉ by two-photon exchange, while 43 events have no charged tracks. The number of these events that are exclusive π(0)π(0) is consistent with zero and is <15 at 95% C.L. The cross section for ppˉ→p+γγ+pˉ with |η(γ)|<1.0 and E(T)(γ)>2.5 GeV is 2.48(-0.35)(+0.40)(stat)(-0.51)(+0.40)(syst) pb. 相似文献
998.
In this paper, we introduce a variant of the orienteering problem in which travel and service times are stochastic. If a delivery
commitment is made to a customer and is completed by the end of the day, a reward is received, but if a commitment is made
and not completed, a penalty is incurred. This problem reflects the challenges of a company who, on a given day, may have
more customers than it can serve. In this paper, we discuss special cases of the problem that we can solve exactly and heuristics
for general problem instances. We present computational results for a variety of parameter settings and discuss characteristics
of the solution structure. 相似文献
999.
Rawcliffe R Shkunov M Heeney M Tierney S McCulloch I Campbell A 《Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)》2008,(7):871-873
Depositing a fused-ring thieno-thiophene polymer on different self-assembled monolayers indicates that varying the SAM surface energy changes the FET mobility and turn-on voltage by varying polymer crystallinity at the buried interface. 相似文献
1000.
P. R. Symmers M. J. Burke D. P. August P. I. T. Thomson G. S. Nichol M. R. Warren C. J. Campbell P. J. Lusby 《Chemical science》2015,6(1):756-760
Cobalt(iii) tetrahedral capsules have been prepared using an assembly-followed-by-oxidation protocol from a cobalt(ii) precursor and a readily derivatizable pyridyl-triazole ligand system. Experiments designed to probe the constitutional dynamics show that these architectures are in a non-equilibrium state. A preliminary investigation into the host–guest chemistry of a water-soluble derivative shows it can bind and differentiate a range of different neutral organic molecules. The stability of this ensemble also permits the study of guest-binding at high salt concentrations. 相似文献