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61.
A general relationship between the volume fraction and the specific interfacial area for averaged dispersed two-phase flows is proposed. This relationship, expressed as a basic set of two scalar evolution equations and two vectorial non-uniformity state equations, is an analytical result obtained by a systematic approach using the derivatives of some generalized functions and a local volume-averaging technique. The proposed set of equations was expressed for measurable macroscopic parameters of the system and has the same generality as the averaged transport equations of two-phase flows. By combination of the basic set of equations, called the averaged topological equations (ATEs), second-order ATEs for the volume fraction were found. The second-order ATEs were expressed both by a Lagrangian formulation and by a Eulerian formulation. The importance and physical meaning of the ATEs developed in this study were clarified within the framework of the theory of kinematic waves. 相似文献
62.
C. Caldera N. Caponio C. de Bernardi F. Delpiano G. Destefanis S. Morasca M. Puleo G. Schiavini F. Schiattone A. Stano E. Legros M. Billard 《Optical and Quantum Electronics》1994,26(5):S529-S545
Optical waveguide 3-dB couplers integrated on semicondutors have been studied, designed and fabricated, using both bulk and diluted multi-quantum-well InGaAsP/InP-based materials, grown by MOCVD. The device structure is based on the two-mode interference (TMI) principle and is fully compatible for integration with the optoelectronic and electronic components of a coherent receiver. Bulk material couplers provide an output balanced within 0.05 dB per nanometer and an excess loss of 1.4 dB, compared to a straight guide, while coupling loss to a tapered-lensed single mode fibre is 4 dB.Improved coupling efficiency to single-mode fibres is achieved by use of moderately diluted multi-quantum-well waveguides, which include InGaAsP wells and InP barriers: coupling loss to a tapered-lensed single-mode fibre as low as 0.5 dB and excess loss of 1.8 dB are featured. Couplers fabricated with this waveguide structure have a balance sensitivity of 0.03 to 0.04 dB per nanometer.A moderately diluted multi-quantum-well 3-dB coupler has been permanently pigtailed and butt-coupled to a dual balanced PIN photoreceiver. This hybrid assembly was tested in a coherent transmission system at 155 and 622 Mbits-1 showing sensitivities, for 10-9 BER, of about-38.0 dBm and-28.8 dBm, respectively. 相似文献
63.
Maurits de Graaf 《Discrete Mathematics》2004,280(1-3):219-223
We show that each directed graph (with no parallel arcs) on n vertices, each with indegree and outdegree at least n/twhere t=2.888997… contains a directed circuit of length at most 3. 相似文献
64.
Nadya Dencheva Teresa G. Nunes M. Jovita Oliveira Zlatan Denchev 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2005,43(24):3720-3733
The crystalline structure of polyamide‐12 (PA12) was studied by solid‐state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as well as by synchrotron wide‐ and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS and SAXS). Isotropic and oriented PA12 showed different NMR spectra ascribed to γ‐ and γ′‐crystalline modifications, respectively. On the basis of the position of the first diffraction peak, the isotropic γ‐form and the oriented γ′‐form were shown to be with hexagonal crystalline lattice at room temperature. When heated, the two PA12 polymorphs demonstrated different behaviors. Above 140 °C, the isotropic γ‐PA12 partially transformed into α‐modification. No such transition was observed with the oriented γ′‐PA12 phase even after annealing at temperatures close to melting. A γ′–γ transition was observed here only after isotropization by melting point. Various structural parameters were extracted from the WAXS and SAXS patterns and analyzed as a function of temperature and orientation: the degree of crystallinity, the d‐spacings, the Bragg's long spacings, the average thicknesses of the crystalline (lc) and amorphous (la) phases, and the linear crystallinity xcl within the lamellar stacks. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3720–3733, 2005 相似文献
65.
We consider the dynamics of the lowest order transversal vibration mode of a suspension bridge, for which the hangers are treated as one-sided springs, according to the model of Lazer and McKeena [SIAM Review
58, 1990, 537]. We analyze in particular the multi-stability of periodic attractors and the basin of attraction structure in phase space and its dependence with the model parameters. The parameter values used in numerical simulations have been estimated from a number of bridges built in the United States and in the United Kingdom, thus taking into account realistic, yet sometimes simplified, structural, aerodynamical, and physical considerations. 相似文献
66.
A time‐marching formulation is derived from the space–time integrated least squares (STILS) method for solving a pure hyperbolic convection equation and is numerically compared to various known methods. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
67.
B. K. Kardashev Yu. A. Burenkov B. I. Smirnov A. R. de Arellano-Lopez J. Martinez-Fernandez F. M. Varela-Feria 《Physics of the Solid State》2004,46(10):1873-1877
The effect of the vibration strain amplitude on the Young modulus and ultrasonic absorption (internal friction) in biomorphic SiC ceramics is investigated in the temperature range 116–296 K. The biomorphic SiC ceramics is prepared through pyrolysis of eucalyptus with subsequent infiltration of silicon. It is demonstrated that the vibration loading of samples in air and under vacuum is accompanied by a number of unexpected effects. The behavior of the studied ceramics is governed by at least two mechanisms, which, to a large extent, are responsible for the elastic and inelastic properties of the material. One mechanism is associated with the adsorption-desorption of environmental molecules (hypothetically, owing to the presence of pores and residual carbon), and the other mechanism involves microplastic deformation due to the motion of dislocations or other (similar) structural units. 相似文献
68.
C. Torres O. Alejos C. de Francisco J.M. Muñoz P. Hernández-Gómez 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2003,77(3-4):543-547
This paper describes a robust and fast fitting procedure applicable for relaxing processes that cannot be understood as a discrete sum of single processes but require an activation energy distribution. The method is based on a set of closed-form expressions that allow the computation of the relaxation parameters directly from the isochronal curves obtained experimentally. The usefulness of this method is checked by analyzing the isochronal curves given by a theoretical energy distribution and the magnetic disaccommodation spectra observed in yttrium iron garnet (YIG) samples. PACS 02.60.Ed; 75.60.Lr; 75.50.Gg 相似文献
69.
Yuri Bozhkov Antonio Carlos Gilli Martins 《Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications》2004,294(1):334-344
It is shown that a Lie point symmetry of the Lane-Emden system is a Noether symmetry if and only if its parameters belong to the critical hyperbola. 相似文献
70.
Grundel D. A. Oliveira C. A. S. Pardalos P. M. 《Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications》2004,122(3):487-500
The multidimensional assignment problem (MAP) is a NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem, occurring in many applications, such as data association. In this paper, we prove two conjectures made in Ref. 1 and based on data from computational experiments on MAPs. We show that the mean optimal objective function cost of random instances of the MAP goes to zero as the problem size increases, when assignment costs are independent exponentially or uniformly distributed random variables. We prove also that the mean optimal solution goes to negative infinity when assignment costs are independent normally distributed random variables. 相似文献