An algorithm of evolutionarily stable strategies for the single-population evolutionary game

In this paper, we study the single-population evolutionary game and construct an algorithm to find evolutionarily stable strategies. Finally, by an example, we illuminate the computing process of algorithm.     

Dielectric Response of Graded Spherical Composites

We investigate the effective dielectric responses of graded spherical composites under an external uniform electric field by taking the dielectric function of spherical inclusion, εi = cr^ke^βr, where r is the inner distance of a point inside the particle from the centre of the spherical particle in the coordination. In the dilute limit, our exact result is used to test the validity of differential effective dipole approximation （DEDA） for estimating the effective response of graded spherical composites and it is shown that the DEDA is in excellent agreement with the exact result.     

Synthesis of aminomethyl and amino analogs of 5-benzylacyclouridine and 5-benzyloxybenzylacyclouridine

Amino analogs of BAU (5-benzylacyclouridine) and BBAU (5-benzyloxybenzylacyclouridine) and their 2′-hydroxymethyl derivatives were synthesized for evaluation as inhibitors of uridine phosphorylase and hence potential cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Both aminomethyl analogs were found to be potent inhibitors of this enzyme and good potentiators of the anti-tumor action of FUdR.     

Nearly monochromatic red electroluminescence from a nonconjugated polymer containing carbazole segments and phenanthroline [Eu(β‐diketonate)3] moieties

A novel nonconjugated copolymer (PVKEu) with carbazole segments and phenanthroline [Eu(β‐diketonate)₃] moieties was synthesized via free radical copolymerization, and characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR spectroscopy, GPC, ICP, and elemental analysis. The copolymer exhibited good solubility, as well as good thermal stability and high glass transition temperature. The photoluminescence (PL) of this polymer in solution and in solid film has been studied. A multi‐layer device with the configuration of ITO/PEDOT: PSS (40 nm)/PVKEu (70 nm)/BCP (15 nm)/AlQ₃ (30 nm)/LiF/Al exhibited nearly monochromatic red emission at 615 nm and voltage‐independent spectral stability. Our results suggest that enhancing the ligand‐mediated energy transfer between the matrix polymer and europium complex is a potential method to improve the electroluminescence performance of the Eu‐chelated polymers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 210–221, 2009     

Structure elucidation of three diphenyl ether derivatives from the mangrove endophytic fungus SBE‐14 from the South China Sea

Two new natural products, tenelate A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ), together with the known compound, tenellic acid C ( 3 ), were isolated from the mangrove endophytic fungus Talaromyces sp. (SBE‐14), from the South China Sea. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, mainly 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electronic Structures of LixV2O5 (x=0.5 and 1): A Theoretical Study

The electronic properties of α‐Li_xV₂O₅ (x=0.5 and 1) are investigated using first principle calculations based on density functional theory with local density approximation. Different intercalation sites for Li in the V₂O₅ lattices are considered, showing different influences on the electronic structures of Li_xV₂O₅. The lowest total energy is found when Li is only intercalated along the c axis between two bridging oxygen ions of sequential V₂O₅ layers. The intercalation of Li into V₂O₅ does not change the electron transition property of V₂O₅, which is an indirect band gap semiconductor, but leads to a reduction of vanadium ions and an increase of the Fermi level of Li_xV₂O₅ arising from the electron transfer from the Li 2 s orbital to the initially empty conduction band of the V₂O₅ host.     

Crystal Structure and Characterization of a Binuclear Cd(II) Quaternary Coordination Complex [Cd2(phen)2Q2(BP)]n (phen = 1,10-Phenanthroline, BP = Biphenyl-4,4--dicarboxylic acid, Q = 8-Hydroxyquinoline Anion)

The structure of a binuclear cadmium(II) quaternary complex, [Cd2(phen)2- Q2(BP)]n 1 (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, BP = biphenyl-4,4--dicarboxylic acid, Q = 8-hydroxy- quinoline-anion), has been determined by X-ray crystallography and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectrum and thermogravimetric analysis.It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n with a = 13.1906(18), b = 10.9623(15), c = 16.947(2) -, β = 111.3430(10)°, V = 2282.5(5) -3, Z = 4, Mr = 556.85, Dc = 1.620 g/cm3, F(000) = 1116, μ = 0.994 mm-1 and S = 1.056.In the structure, 1D chains are connected via biphenyl-4,4--dicarboxylic acid, 8-hydroxy quinoline anion and binuclear cadmium atoms into an infinite 1-D molecular chain architecture.Via aryl ring π-π stacking interactions a supramolecular structure is formed in 1.     

Lp-Estimate for Linear Forward-Backward Stochastic Differential Equations

This paper is concerned with coupled linear forward-backward stochastic differential equations(FBSDEs, for short). When the homogeneous coefficients are deterministic(the non-homogeneous coefficients can be random), we obtain an L^p-result(p > 2), including the existence and uniqueness of the p-th power integrable solution, a p-th power estimate, and a related continuous dependence property of the solution on the coefficients, for coupled linear FBSDEs in the monotonicity framework ...     

Synthesis,self‐assembly and drug‐loading capacity of well‐defined drug‐conjugated amphiphilic A2B2 type miktoarm star copolymers based on poly(ε‐caprolactone) and poly(ethylene glycol)

Well‐defined drug‐conjugated amphiphilic A₂B₂ miktoarm star copolymers [(PCL)₂‐(PEG)₂‐D] were prepared by the combination of controlled ring‐opening polymerization (CROP) and “click” reaction strategy. First, bromide functionalized poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL‐Br) with double hydroxyl end groups was synthesized by the CROP of ε‐caprolactone using 2,2‐bis(bromomethyl)propane‐1,3‐diol as a difunctional initiator in the presence of Sn(Oct)₂ at 110 °C. Next, the bromide groups of PCL‐Br were quantitatively converted to azide form by NaN₃ to give PCL‐N₃. Subsequently, the end hydroxyl groups of PCL‐N₃ were capped with ibuprofen as a model drug at room temperature. Finally, copper(I)‐catalyzed cycloaddition reaction between ibuprofen‐conjugated PCL‐N₃ and slightly excess alkyne‐terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (A‐PEG) led to ibuprofen‐conjugated A₂B₂ miktoarm star copolymer [(PCL)₂‐(PEG)₂‐D]. The excess A‐PEG was removed by dialysis. ¹H NMR, FTIR and SEC analyzes confirmed the expected miktoarm star architecture. These amphiphilic miktoarm star copolymers could self‐assemble into multimorphological aggregates in aqueous solution, which were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the drug‐loading capacity of these drug‐conjugated miktoarm star copolymers as well as their nondrug‐conjugated analogs were also investigated in detail. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2009