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81.
C. A. Burghardt und Limousin 《Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry》1885,24(1):584-585
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
82.
Orientation dynamics in commercial thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers in transient shear flows
In situ X-ray scattering measurements of molecular orientation under shear are reported for two commercial thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers (TLCPs), Vectra A950® and Vectra B950®. Transient shear flow protocols (reversals, step changes, and flow cessation) are used to investigate the underlying director dynamics. Synchrotron X-ray scattering in conjunction with a high-speed area detector provides sufficient time resolution to limit the total time spent in the melt during testing, whereas a redesigned X-ray capable shear cell provides a more robust platform for working with TLCP melts at high temperatures. The transient orientation response upon flow inception or flow reversal does not provide definitive signatures of either tumbling or shear alignment. However, the observation of clear transient responses to step increases or step decreases in shear rate contrasts with expectations and experience with shear-aligning nematics and suggests that these polymers are of the tumbling class. Finally, these two polymers show opposite trends in orientation following flow cessation, which appears to correlate with the evolution of dynamic modulus during relaxation. Specifically, Vectra B shows an increase in orientation upon flow cessation, an observation that can only be rationalized by the assumption of tumbling dynamics in shear. Together with prior observations of commercial LCP melts in channel flows, these results suggest that this class of materials, as a rule, exhibits director tumbling. 相似文献
83.
In situ wide angle X-ray scattering is employed for quantitative measurements of flow-induced molecular orientation in channel
flows of thermotropic hydroxypropyl-cellulose (HPC). An extrusion die, constructed to allow X-ray access, generates slit flow,
slit flow with superimposed contractions and expansions in cross-section, and slit flow past an obstruction. In slit flow,
weak molecular orientation develops slowly with downstream position. Superimposed extension associated with contraction flows
leads to a strong enhancement in orientation, which persists with distance further downstream of the contraction. Conversely,
transverse extension present in expansion flows generates a bimodal orientation state and substantial reductions in average
molecular orientation. These results are compared to earlier measurements on a commercial fully aromatic thermotrope. HPC
is found to respond more strongly to superimposed extension, and more weakly to the prevailing inhomogeneous shear flow than
the commercial material.
Received: 22 October 1999/Accepted: 13 January 2000 相似文献
84.
A molecular-level, quantum-dynamical analysis of phonon-driven exciton dissociation in semiconducting polymers is presented, using a linear vibronic coupling model in conjunction with a recently developed hierarchical chain representation. Quantum-dynamical simulations in 20-30 dimensions are carried out using efficient multiconfigurational techniques. The decay of the exciton towards a charge-separated state is shown to be an ultrafast, coherent process of pronounced non-equilibrium character, which cannot be modeled by conventional kinetic equations. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
85.
B. Burghardt W. Jitschin G. Meisel 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》1979,20(2):141-146
Laser beams are rf amplitude modulated to generate side frequencies which are used to tune a cw dye laser with rf accuracy.
In a laser spectroscopic test experiment a precision of ±15kHz has been realized. 相似文献
86.
R. Burghardt 《Annalen der Physik》1984,496(6):397-406
Gravitationphysics and Lorentz-space Coordinate invariant conservation laws for static and stationary gravitation fields can be formulated. Being seen as elements of Lorentz space the quantities to be conserved open to a physical interpretation. These quantities are field and matter terms. Some examples illustrate how useful this approach has turned out to be. 相似文献
87.
B. Burghardt B. Hoffmann G. Meisel 《Zeitschrift für Physik D Atoms, Molecules and Clusters》1988,8(2):109-118
The electronic transitions from the ground state to the 3d states have been studied for23Na and7Li atoms by two-photon Doppler-free laser spectroscopy. The positions of the resonances are used to determine the unresolved hyperfine structure of the 3d states from which the magnetic-dipole hyperfine interaction constantsA are derived. The results for theA factors are:A(3d 2 D 3/2;23Na)=+527(25) kHz;A(3d 2 D 5/2;23Na)=+108.5(2.4) kHz;A(3d 2 D 3/2;7Li)=+843(41) kHz;A(3d 2 D 5/2;7Li)=+343.6(1.0) kHz. For the fine structure intervals fs of the 3d doublets we obtain: fs(3d Na)=-1 494 444(44) kHz and fs(3d Li)=+1 083 936(60) kHz. The linewidths of the resonances are evaluated with respect to the natural lifetimes of the 3d states. For Na the result is τ(3d Na)=19.27(23) ns. 相似文献
88.
Burghardt S Hirsch A Medard N Kachfhe RA Ausseré D Valignat MP Gallani JL 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2005,21(16):7540-7544
We report the formation of highly stable Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) organic steps made with a hexa-adduct fullerene-based amphiphile. This amphiphile forms films of excellent quality, with a very low roughness, that are structurally stable: X-ray reflectivity spectra recorded on fresh and 12-month-old samples are undiscernible. Such a behavior contrasts with that of more traditional amphiphiles, which are unfortunately well-known for their instability in time. The stability of the films stems, among others, from the spheroidal shape of the constitutive molecules. These experiments show that it is possible to circumvent the major drawback of LB films and to prepare materials more suited for applications. We show that the LB film prepared with this fullerene derivative can successfully be used as thickness gauges for atomic force microscopy or light microscopy studies. 相似文献
89.
90.
Kristin L. Brinker Andrew H. Lebovitz John M. Torkelson Wesley R. Burghardt 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2005,43(23):3413-3420
Studies of immiscible blend compatibilization often involve laborious microscopy methods to characterize changes in the particle size distribution with time in the melt. Here we explore a simple alternative approach based on Porod scattering from the two-phase structure. Although micron-sized particles in immiscible polymer blends are too large to be fully characterized by small-angle scattering, Porod scattering measurements of the interfacial area combined with knowledge of the blend volume fraction allows determination of an average particle diameter from a single scattering measurement. This technique is illustrated in experiments monitoring coarsening of particle size in polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends prepared either by melt blending or solid-state shear pulverization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3413–3420, 2005 相似文献