Mechanistic study of thermal behavior and combustion performance of epoxy resins: I homopolymerized TGDDM

Tetraglycidyl 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (TGDDM) undergoes homopolymerization on heating. Intramolecular reactions which compete with crosslinking favor the formation of cyclic structures with increasing thermal and fire resistance of the resin, whereas physical mechanical properties tend to decrease. The mechanism of thermal decomposition of TGDDM is studied by thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and thermal volatilization analysis with characterization of volatiles evolved and residue left. Thermal degradation of poly-(TGDDM) starts at 260°C with elimination of water from secondary alcoholic groups which is a typical pathway for epoxy resin degradation. Resulting unsaturations weaken bonds in the β-position and provoke the first chain breaking at allyl–amine and allyl–either bonds. With increasing temperature, saturated alkyl–ether bonds and alkyl carbon–carbon bonds are broken first, followed by the most stable alkyl–aryl bonds at T>365°C. The combustion performance of TGDDM is discussed on the basis of the thermal degradation behavior.     

Influence of structural changes on the ion selectivities of magnesium ionophores based on malonic acid diamides

In an investigation of octamethylene bis(malonic acid diamides) and their selectivities for magnesium, it was found that presence of secondary amides within the particular ionophore played a considerable role in the enhancement of magnesium selectivity. Similar effects in other ionophores, i.e. tris(malonic acid diamides), were thus systematically looked at with the help of selectivity measurements with the hope of optimizing the number of secondary and tertiary amides so as to improve the magnesium selectivity. The syntheses of several investigated tris(malonic acid diamide) isologues are equally reported.Deceased in November 1992     

Trinuclear heterobimetallic complexes with binucleating dithioxamides: stereoselective synthesis and solution behavior involving Pd-N bond rupture

Bischelate platinum(II) complexes of the type [Pt(H-R(2)-N(2)C(2)S(2))(2)] (H-R(2)-N(2)C(2)S(2)(-) = dialkyl-dithioxamidate) are ditopic receptors which, after coordination of the first Pd(eta(3)-allyl)(+) moiety, induce the orientation of the second palladium-allyl fragment. Thus, a series of trimetallic complexes of formula bis-[(eta(3)-allyl)-palladium(II)](mu-bis-dialkyl-dithioxamidate-platinum(II) kappa-S,S-kappa-S',S'-Pt-kappa-N,N-Pd-kappa-N',N'-Pd') has been prepared in which the allyl fragments are oriented toward the same side of the molecular plane. We have also prepared the trimetallic complex using a dithioxamide obtained from the racemic phenylethylamine. Only two isomers were produced in equimolar ratio: the racemate that has four homochiral alkyl substituents and the mesoform containing the meso-dithioxamide that has homochiral substituents on the same side of molecular plane. Under the effect of the temperature, the trimetallic Pd-Pt-Pd complexes undergo rapid allyl isomerization; the mechanism of the isomerization, which is similar to that found by us in an analogue Pt-Pd bimetallic complex, is discussed. The crystal and molecular structure of bis-[(eta(3)-allyl)-palladium(II)](mu-bis-[S]-phenylethyl-dithioxamidate-platinum(II) kappa-S,S-kappa-S',S'-Pt-kappa-N,N-Pd-kappa-N',N'-Pd') has been reported.     

THE CONTROL OF METABOLISM BY BLUE LIGHT IN Acetabularia mediterranea—II. SELECTIVE TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL AND DIFFERENTIAL DEGRADATION OF ENZYMES

Abstract— During prolonged continuous irradiation with red light the specific activity of uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose (UDPG) pyrophosphorylase (uridine 5'-triphosphate: glucose 1-phosphate uridylyl-transferase EC 2.7.7.9) decreased in Acetabularia mediterranea Lamouroux (=A. acetabulum (L.) Silva). Subsequent blue light restored the original activity within a comparatively short period of 3 to 4 days. Computer-aided quantitative evaluation of density labelling experiments showed that the synthesis of the enzyme was accelerated about four-fold during the period of activation by blue light. A similar increase in the rate of synthesis was found for hydroxypyruvate reductase (EC 1.1.1.81), a control enzyme that showed no blue light-dependent changes in the specific activity under these conditions. The increase in the rate of enzyme synthesis was caused by an overall stimulation of the cytosolic translation. Degradation of UDPG pyrophosphorylase was unaffected by blue light, while the half life of hydroxypyruvate reductase was shortened about two-fold compared to continuous red light. Thus, degradation of proteins appears to be selectively light dependent in Acetabularia.
Model calculations for enzyme amount and enzyme synthesis were carried out using the measurements of enzyme activity, rates of cytosolic protein synthesis, and degradation constants of the enzymes. Assuming that activities represented amounts of the given enzymes, these calculations indicated a selective activation of UDPG pyrophosphorylase synthesis by blue light since it did not coincide with the overall stimulation of protein synthesis in the cytosol, in contrast to hydroxypyruvate reductase.     

A new route to vinyltributyltin compounds by flash pyrolysis of alkyltributyltin acetates

Flash pyrolysis of alkyltributyltin acetates, at high temperatures (600–850° C) under a moderate vacuum provides a convenient route to vinyltin derivatives.     

DNA codes for nanoscience

The nanometer scale is a special place where all sciences meet and develop a particularly strong interdisciplinarity. While biology is a source of inspiration for nanoscientists, chemistry has a central role in turning inspirations and methods from biological systems to nanotechnological use. DNA is the biological molecule by which nanoscience and nanotechnology is mostly fascinated. Nature uses DNA not only as a repository of the genetic information, but also as a controller of the expression of the genes it contains. Thus, there are codes embedded in the DNA sequence that serve to control recognition processes on the atomic scale, such as the base pairing, and others that control processes taking place on the nanoscale. From the chemical point of view, DNA is the supramolecular building block with the highest informational content. Nanoscience has therefore the opportunity of using DNA molecules to increase the level of complexity and efficiency in self-assembling and self-directing processes.     

Reactions of 1,4-diaza-3-methylbutadien-2-ylpalladium(II) derivatives with chloro-bridged rhodium(I) complexes

The reactions of the organometallic 1,4-diazabutadienes, RN=C(R′)C(Me)=NR″ [R = R″ = p-C₆H₄OMe, R′ = trans-PdCl(PPh₃)₂ (DAB); R = p-C₆H₄OMe, R″ = Me, R′ = trans-PdCl(PPh₃)₂ (DAB^I; R = R″ = p-C₆H₄OMe, R′ = Pd(dmtc)-(PPh₃), dmtc = dimethyldithiocarbamate (DAB^II); R = R″ = p-C₆H₄OMe, R′ = PdCl(diphos), diphos = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (DAB^III)] with [RhCl(COD)]₂ (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene, Pd/Rh ratio = $\text{1}\text{2}$) depend on the nature of the ancillary ligands at the Pd atom in group R′. In the reactions with DAB and DAB^I transfer of one PPh₃ ligand from Pd to Rh occurs yielding [RhCl(COD)(PPh₃)] and the new binuclear complexes [Rh(COD) {RN=C(R?)-C(Me)=NR″}], in which the diazabutadiene moiety acts as a chelating bidentate ligand. Exchange of ligands between the two different metallic centers also occurs in the reaction with DAB^II. In this case, the migration of the bidentate dmtc anion yields [Rh(COD)Pdmtc] and [Rh(COD) {RN=C(R?)C(Me)=NR″}]. In contrast, the reaction with DAB^III leads to the ionic product [Rh(COD)- (DAB^III)][RhCl₂(COD)], with no transfer of ligands. The cationic complex [Rh(COD)(DAB^III)]⁺ can be isolated as the perchlorate salt from the same reaction (Pd/Rh ratio = 1/1) in the presence of an excess of NaClO₄. In all the binuclear complexes the coordinated 1,5-cyclooctadiene can be readily displaced by carbon monoxide to give the corresponding dicarbonyl derivatives. The reaction of [RhCl(CO)₂]₂ with DAB and/or DAB^I yields trinuclear complexes of the type [RhCl(CO)₂]₂(DAB), in which the diazabutadiene group acts as a bridging bidentate ligand. Some reactions of the organic diazabutadiene RN=C(Me)C(Me)=NR (R = p-C₆H₄OMe) are also reported for comparison.     

On two methods for accelerating convergence of series

Summary The Euler-Knopp transformation and a recently considered transformation, effective for entire function of order 1, are applied to series involving completely monotonic coefficients. Some properties of the resulting series are analyzed; these include uniform convergence with respect to the index, a priori and a posteriori estimates of the remainder. For the latter transformation a compact recursive algorithm is established which enables one to make effective use of the transformation. To illustrate the effectiveness of the transformations three applications, with examples, are included.     

On the equation of similar profiles

Summary Considerf+ ff+ (1–f²)+ f=0 together with the boundary conditionsf(0)=f(0)=0,f ()=1. If=–1,>0, arbitrary there is at least one solution which satisfies 0<f<1 on (0, ). By the additional conditionf>0 on (0, ) or, alternately 0<1, the uniqueness of the solution is demonstrated.If=1,<0, arbitrary the existence of solutions for which –1<f<0 in some initial interval (0,t) and satisfying generallyf>1 is established. In both problems, bounds forf (0) and qualitative behavior of the solutions are shown.

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Sommario Si consideri il problema definito dall'equazionef+ f f+ (1–f²)+ f=0 e dalle condizioni al contornof(0)=f (0)=0,f()=1. Assumendo=–1,>0, arbitrario si dimostra che esiste almeno una soluzione che soddisfa 0<f<1 nell'intervallo (0, ). Se in aggiunta si ipotizzaf>0 in (0, ), oppure 0<=1, l'unicità délia soluzione è assicurata.Successivamente si considéra il problema di valori al contorno con=1,<0, arbitrario. In questo caso esiste un'intera classe di soluzioni che soddisfano –1<f<0 in un intorno dell'origine e tali chef>1, in generale.Di detti problemi viene studiato il comportamento délle soluzioni e vengono determinate dalle maggiorazioni e minorazioni del valoref(0).

     

Penetration and interactions of the antimicrobial peptide, microcin J25, into uncharged phospholipid monolayers

Microcin J25 forms stable monolayers at the air-water interface showing a collapse at a surface pressure of 5 mN/m, 220 mV of surface potential, and 6 fV per squared centimeter of surface potential per unit of molecular surface density. The adsorption of microcin J25 from the subphase at clean interfaces leads to a rise of 10 mN/m in surface pressure and a surface potential of 220 mV. From these data microcin appears to be a poor surfactant per se. Nevertheless, the interaction with the lipid monolayer further increase the stability of the peptide at the interface depending on the mode in which the monolayer is formed. Spreading with egg PC leads to nonideal mixing up to 7 mN/m, with hyperpolarization and expansion of components at the interface, with a small excess free energy of mixing caused by favorable contributions to entropy due to molecular area expansion compensating for the unfavorable enthalpy changes arising from repulsive dipolar interactions. Above 7 mN/m microcin is squeezed out, leaving a film of pure phospholipid. Nevertheless, the presence of lipid at 10 and 20 mN/m stabilize further microcin at the interface and adsorption from the subphase proceeds up to 30 mN/m, equivalent to surface pressure in bilayers.