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101.
Emission of volatile sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes in grapevine genotypes following Plasmopara viticola inoculation in vitro
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Alberto Algarra Alarcon Valentina Lazazzara Luca Cappellin Pier Luigi Bianchedi Rainer Schuhmacher Georg Wohlfahrt Ilaria Pertot Franco Biasioli Michele Perazzolli 《Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS》2015,50(8):1013-1022
The grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is one of the most widely cultivated fruit crops globally, and one of its most important diseases in terms of economic losses is downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola. Several wild Vitis species have been found to be resistant to this pathogen and have been used in breeding programs to introduce resistance traits to susceptible cultivars. Plant defense is based on different mechanisms, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a major role in the response to insects and pathogens. Although grapevine resistance mechanisms and the production of secondary metabolites have been widely characterized in resistant genotypes, the emission of VOCs has not yet been investigated following P. viticola inoculation. A Proton Transfer Reaction‐Time of Flight‐Mass Spectrometer (PTR‐ToF‐MS) was used to analyze the VOCs emitted by in vitro‐grown plants of grapevine genotypes with different levels of resistance. Downy mildew inoculation significantly increased the emission of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes by the resistant SO4 and Kober 5BB genotypes, but not by the susceptible V. vinifera Pinot noir. Volatile terpenes were implicated in plant defense responses against pathogens, suggesting that they could play a major role in the resistance against downy mildew by direct toxicity or by inducing grapevine resistance. The grapevine genotypes differed in terms of the VOC emission pattern of both inoculated and uninoculated plants, indicating that PTR‐ToF‐MS could be used to screen hybrids with different levels of downy mildew resistance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
102.
We present an approximation scheme for the two-dimensional version of the knapsack problem which requires packing a maximum-area set of rectangles in a unit square bin, with the further restrictions that packing must be orthogonal without rotations and done in two stages. Achieving a solution which is close to the optimum modulo a small additive constant can be done by taking wide inspiration from an existing asymptotic approximation scheme for two-stage two-dimensional bin packing. On the other hand, getting rid of the additive constant to achieve a canonical approximation scheme appears to be widely nontrivial. 相似文献
103.
104.
Chen B Park JM Ivanov I Tabacchi G Klein ML Parrinello M 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2002,124(29):8534-8535
Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out for aqueous NaOH and KOH solutions under ambient conditions over a wide range of concentrations. From these simulations, we have observed a continuous change of the water structure with added hydroxide, characterized by a significant shift of the second peak of the OO radial distribution functions to shorter distances. At the highest concentration investigated, the normal tetrahedral coordination of pure water is completely missing, a result that is consistent with a recent neutron diffraction experiment. The added hydroxide also gives rise to some unique spectroscopic features, including a "free" O-H stretch, a broadening of the normal water OH stretching band, and a large blue shift of both the librational band and the low-frequency translation. These results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Finally, it was demonstrated that the structural and dynamical behavior is inextricably linked to the formation of compact hydroxide-water complexes. 相似文献
105.
Dellago C Geissler PL Chandler D Hutter J Parrinello M 《Physical review letters》2002,89(19):199601; author reply 199602
106.
We simulate neutral evolution of proteins imposing conservation of the thermodynamic stability of the native state in the framework of an effective model of folding thermodynamics. This procedure generates evolutionary trajectories in sequence space which share two universal features for all of the examined proteins. First, the number of neutral mutations fluctuates broadly from one sequence to another, leading to a non-Poissonian substitution process. Second, the number of neutral mutations displays strong correlations along the trajectory, thus causing the breakdown of self-averaging of the resulting evolutionary substitution process. 相似文献
107.
We compute tensor products of representations of the holomorphic discrete series of a Lie group G, or restrictions to some subgroup G′. A detailed study is done for the case of the conformal group O(4, 2). 相似文献
108.
Michele Ciarletta 《Annali dell'Universita di Ferrara》1979,25(1):9-15
Riassunto In questo lavoro si affrontano i problemi relativi alle restrizioni termodinamiche, imposte dal principio di entropia nella
formulazione di Müller [1], per fluidi con memoria, mediante il metodo dei moltiplicatori di Lagrange.
Lavoro eseguito nell'ambito del G.N.F.M. del C.N.R. 相似文献
Summary In this work Author deals with the problems pertinent to the thermodynamic restrictions, which are due to principle of entropy in the formulation of Müller [1], for fluids with a memory, through the Lagrange multipliers.
Lavoro eseguito nell'ambito del G.N.F.M. del C.N.R. 相似文献
109.
Summary We study some variational and reciprocal problems for viscoelastic materials with nonlocal constitutive equations and in particular
with dissipative boundary conditions.
Riassunto Si determinano alcuni teoremi variazionali e di reciprocitá per materiali viscoelastici con una dipendenza anche spaziale e con condizioni al contorno dissippative.相似文献
110.
Enrico Abignente Paolo De Caprariis Michele Liguori 《Journal of heterocyclic chemistry》1983,20(6):1597-1599
Some new 4,5-dihydro-5-oxoisoxazole derivatives were synthesized as part of a study to prepare potential antiinflammatory agents. The reaction of the diethyl ester of 3-oxopentanedioic acid with hydroxylamine afforded the 3-hydroxyimino derivative, which was then cyclized to the title compound. This reacted with diazomethane to give a couple of isomeric methyl derivatives, namely methyl 2,5-dihydro-2-methyl-5-oxo-3-isoxazoleacetate and methyl 5-methoxy-3-isoxazoleacetate. Reaction of these compounds with ammonia gave the corresponding acetamides. All compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, uv, ir, and 1H-nmr spectra. 相似文献