Structural characterization of lipopeptide biomarkers isolated from Bacillus globigii

Spectra obtained using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry of Bacillus globigii (Bacillus subtilis niger) spores, vegetative cells and the culture supernatant show a cluster of biomarkers centered at a molecular mass of 1478 Da. Three biomarkers were isolated from the cell-free culture supernatant by solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and characterized using various kinds of mass spectrometry. A Fourier transform mass spectrometer with a MALDI source was used to determine the monoisotopic protonated masses at 1463.8, 1477.8, and 1505.8 Da in order of elution. The mass differences of 14 and 28 Da suggest that they are homologous molecules. Alkaline hydrolysis of each species showed that it contained a lactone linkage. Strong acid hydrolysis released a fatty acid from an amide bond, consistent with a lipopeptide. A quadrupole time-of-flight instrument with a nanospray source was used to sequence the hydrolyzed forms of the three biomarkers. The cyclic lipopeptides were found to have amino acid sequences identical with those in fengycins and plipastatins, antimicrobial compounds with phospholipase inhibitor activity, previously identified in related species of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus.     

3‐Deoxy‐β‐d‐ribo‐hexopyranose (3‐deoxy‐β‐d‐glucopyranose)

The β‐pyranose form, (III), of 3‐deoxy‐d ‐ribo‐hexose (3‐deoxy‐d ‐glucose), C₆H₁₂O₅, crystallizes from water at 298 K in a slightly distorted ⁴C₁ chair conformation. Structural analyses of (III), β‐d ‐glucopyranose, (IV), and 2‐deoxy‐β‐d ‐arabino‐hexopyranose (2‐deoxy‐β‐d ‐glucopyranose), (V), show significantly different C—O bond torsions involving the anomeric carbon, with the H—C—O—H torsion angle approaching an eclipsed conformation in (III) (−10.9°) compared with 32.8 and 32.5° in (IV) and (V), respectively. Ring carbon deoxygenation significantly affects the endo‐ and exocyclic C—C and C—O bond lengths throughout the pyranose ring, with longer bonds generally observed in the monodeoxygenated species (III) and (V) compared with (IV). These structural changes are attributed to differences in exocyclic C—O bond conformations and/or hydrogen‐bonding patterns superimposed on the direct (intrinsic) effect of monodeoxygenation. The exocyclic hydroxymethyl conformation in (III) (gt) differs from that observed in (IV) and (V) (gg).     

Interfacial electron transfer in FeII(CN)6 4- -sensitized TiO2 nanoparticles: a study of direct charge injection by electroabsorption spectroscopy

Electroabsorption (Stark) spectroscopy has been used to study the dye sensitized interfacial electron transfer in an Fe(II)(CN)(6)(4)(-) donor complex bound to a TiO(2) nanoparticle. The average charge-transfer distance determined from the Stark spectra is 5.3 A. This value is similar to the estimated distance between the Fe(II) center of the complex and the Ti(IV) surface site coordinated to the nitrogen end of a bridging CN ligand in (CN)(5)Fe(II)-CN-Ti(IV)(particle). This finding suggests that the electron injection is to either an individual titanium surface site or a small number of Ti centers localized around the point of ferrocyanide coordination to the particle and not into a conduction band orbital delocalized over the nanoparticle. The polarizability change, Tr(Deltaalpha), between the ground and the excited states of the Fe(II)(CN)(6)(4)(-)-TiO(2)(particle) system is approximately 3 time larger than normally observed in mixed-valence dinuclear metal complexes. It is proposed that the large polarizability of the excited state increases the dipole-moment changes measured by Stark spectroscopy.     

Helical tubulate inclusion compounds of ferrocene and squalene

The inclusion compounds of 2,8-dimethyltricyclo[5.3.1.1^3,9]dodecane-syn-2,syn-8-diol,3, with ferrocene and with squalene have been prepared. The crystal structures of these helical tubulate compounds: (3)₃·(ferrocene)_0.75 [P3₁21,a=b=13.7480(6),c=7.0312(5) Å,Z=1,R=0.038] and (3)₃·(squalene)_0.23 [P3₁21,a=b=13.677(1),c=7.0533(9) Å,Z=1,R=0.042] are described. Supplementary Data relating to this article are deposited with the British Library as supplementary publication No. SUP 82151 (16 pages).     

Multicomponent dynamical nucleation theory and sensitivity analysis

Vapor to liquid multicomponent nucleation is a dynamical process governed by a delicate interplay between condensation and evaporation. Since the population of the vapor phase is dominated by monomers at reasonable supersaturations, the formation of clusters is governed by monomer association and dissociation reactions. Although there is no intrinsic barrier in the interaction potential along the minimum energy path for the association process, the formation of a cluster is impeded by a free energy barrier. Dynamical nucleation theory provides a framework in which equilibrium evaporation rate constants can be calculated and the corresponding condensation rate constants determined from detailed balance. The nucleation rate can then be obtained by solving the kinetic equations. The rate constants governing the multistep kinetics of multicomponent nucleation including sensitivity analysis and the potential influence of contaminants will be presented and discussed.     

Complex homogeneous spaces of real groups with top homology in codimension two

SupposeX=G/H is a connected homogeneous complex manifold, whereG is a Lie group andH is a closed subgroup. Assume (X) and letG/H G/I be the holomorphic reduction ofX. If the top nonvanishing homology group ofX with coefficients in ₂ is in codimension two, then either a complex Lie group acts tansitively onG/I (see [3]) orG/I is biholomorphic to the unit disk.Partially supported by NSERC Grant A3494 and by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

The distribution of the likelihood ratio for mixtures of densities from the one-parameter exponential family

We here consider testing the hypothesis ofhomogeneity against the alternative of a two-component mixture of densities. The paper focuses on the asymptotic null distribution of 2 log _n , where _n is the likelihood ratio statistic. The main result, obtained by simulation, is that its limiting distribution appears pivotal (in the sense of constant percentiles over the unknown parameter), but model specific (differs if the model is changed from Poisson to normal, say), and is not at all well approximated by the conventional ₍₂₎ ² -distribution obtained by counting parameters. In Section 3, the binomial with sample size parameter 2 is considered. Via a simple geometric characterization the case for which the likelihood ratio is 1 can easily be identified and the corresponding probability is found. Closed form expressions for the likelihood ratio _n are possible and the asymptotic distribution of 2 log _n is shown to be the mixture giving equal weights to the one point distribution with all its mass equal to zero and the ²-distribution with 1 degree of freedom. A similar result is reached in Section 4 for the Poisson with a small parameter value (0.1), although the geometric characterization is different. In Section 5 we consider the Poisson case in full generality. There is still a positive asymptotic probability that the likelihood ratio is 1. The upper precentiles of the null distribution of 2 log _n are found by simulation for various populations and shown to be nearly independent of the population parameter, and approximately equal to the (1–2)100 percentiles of ₍₁₎ ² . In Sections 6 and 7, we close with a study of two continuous densities, theexponential and thenormal with known variance. In these models the asymptotic distribution of 2 log _n is pivotal. Selected (1–) 100 percentiles are presented and shown to differ between the two models.     

Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of Iron(III) Dioxoporphodimethene Complexes and Their Autoreduction to an Iron(II) Complex in Pyridine

Three iron complexes of the meso-dioxo derivative of octaethylporphryin (trans-H(2)OEPO(2)) were characterized by X-ray diffraction. Green ClFe(III)(trans-OEPO(2)).1.5C(6)H(6) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c with a = 13.766(3) ?, b = 19.075(3) ?, c = 15.217(3) ?, beta = 99.87(2) degrees at 123 K with Z = 4. Refinement of 2712 reflections with F > 6.0sigma(F) and 223 parameters yielded R = 0.0624, R(w) = 0.0596. The iron complex contains a domed dioxoporphodimethene macrocyclic ligand. The observation of a five-coordinate iron(III) ion with an axial Fe-Cl distance of 2.232(2) ? and in-plane Fe-N distances averaging 2.082 ? is consistent with its high-spin (S = (5)/(2)) character. This monomer is readily converted to the green {Fe(III)(trans-OEPO(2))}(2)O using aqueous hydroxide. {Fe(III)(trans-OEPO(2))}(2)O crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 23.541(8) ?, b = 15.392(5) ?, c = 18.686(8) ?, and beta = 90.09(3) degrees at 294 K with Z = 8. Refinement of 3472 reflections with F > 6.0sigma(F) and 393 parameters yielded R = 0.0484, R(w) = 0.0527. The complex possesses a crystallographically imposed 2-fold symmetry axis that passes through the oxo ligand. The dioxoporphodimethene ligands within the molecule are roof-shaped and fold away from each other. The axial Fe-O distance is 1.749(1) ? with longer in-plane Fe-N distances (average 2.077 ?). The Fe-O-Fe angle of 165.4(2) degrees deviates significantly from linearity and is more acute than related porphyrin complexes. Pyridine solutions of either the iron(III) monomer or &mgr;-oxo dimer autoreduce over a period of days to give (py)(2)Fe(II)(trans-OEPO(2)). This red compound crystallizes in the space group P2(1) with a = 19.177(4) ?, b = 20.039(4) ?, c = 10.547(2) ?, and beta = 100.36(3) degrees at 130 K with Z = 2. Refinement of 5090 reflections with one restraint and 984 parameters yielded R1 = 0.0684, wR2 = 0.1763. The complex crystallizes with two distinct molecules in the asymmetric unit; each molecule contains a different degree of disorder with respect to the trans meso oxygen atoms (50/50, 71/29). Each independent molecule exhibits severe ruffling of the macrocycle. The six coordinate iron(II) center is diamagnetic. The axial Fe-N(pyridine) distances average 1.98 ?, and the in-plane Fe-N(pyrrole) distances average 1.95 ?. A common trend observed for the dioxoporphodimethene macrocycle in all of these structures is an elongation toward the trans oxidized meso carbons. These complexes were originally prepared as cis and trans isomeric mixtures that can be enriched in the trans isomer by fractional crystallization. This is evident in their distinctive (1)H NMR spectra. In addition, these compounds are characterized by electron impact mass spectrometry and UV-visible, ESR, and infrared spectroscopies.     

Proton-ionizable crown compounds. 4. New macrocyclic polyether ligands containing a triazole subcyclic unit

A series of macrocyclic polyether (crown) ligands containing the proton-ionizable s-triazole subcyclic unit were prepared by reacting the 1-THP blocked 3,5-bis(chloromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole with various oligoethylene glycols. The starting bis(chloromethyl)triazole is a vessicant and must be used with caution. Triazolo-18-crown-6 ( 5 ) formed stable complexes with barium, strontium, copper and benzylammonium cations but not with potassium or lithium. The crystal structure of 5 showed the triazole proton to be on nitrogen 3 which is outside the macroring cavity.