Umströmung beschleunigter und verzögerter Partikeln

Zusammenfassung In diesem Teil 2 des Berichtes werden die Ergebnisse der theoretischen Untersuchung über die Umströmung verzögerter Partikeln diskutiert. Die berechneten Stromlinienfelder vermitteln einen umfassenden Einblick in die Umströmung und in die damit verbundene Entwicklung der zunächst auf der Kugelrückseite entstehenden Wirbel. Es zeigt sich, daß nach einer vorausgehenden stationären Bewegung der Partikeln mit Wirbelbildung auf der Partikelrückseite eine Verzögerung sowohl ein Verschwinden der Wirbel als auch ein starkes Anwachsen der Wirbel auslösen kann. Setzt ein Wachstum der Wirbel ein, so hüllen die Wirbel schließlich die Partikeln vollkommen ein.Sowohl die Länge der Wirbel als auch der Ablösepunkt der Strömung von der Partikeloberfläche werden in Abhängigkeit von der Zeit dargestellt.In einem besonderen Abschnitt werden die Widerstandsbeiwerte bestimmt. Sie zeigen bei verzögerter Bewegung eine sehr bemerkenswerte Abhängigkeit von der momentanen Reynolds-ZahlRe _t , die physikalisch erklärt wird.

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Fluid flow around accelerated and decelerated particles. Part 2

This report on theoretical-numerical investigation on fluid flow around accelerated and decelerated particles is presented in two parts. The preceding first part includes the physical fundamentals of unsteady state motion of particles, the numerical methods applied for the solution of the differential equations, and a discussion of results for the case of accelerated particles.The second part of this report is devoted to the discussion of results for fluid flow around decelerated particles. Special attention is given to formation and development of the vortex and detachment of the streamlines from the particle surface.

     

Entropy of a Rindler Observer

We compute the entropy of a Rindler particle-detector (observer) in the presence of a quantum field in the Minkowski vacuum state; due to the Unruh effect, the observer is immersed in a thermal bath at a temperature proportional to its proper acceleration.     

Fast luminescence processes in KI : In caused by excitation in the a absorption band

The temperature dependence of the decay time (τ) of the luminescence pulses from the 440 nm emission band as well as the rise time (τ_R) of luminescence pulses from the 575 nm emission band has been investigated for KI : In by pulsed light excitation in the A absorption band. From the agreement of τ and τ_R independent of the temperature it can be concluded that the X minimum on the ³T₁₄ adiabatic potential energy surface (APES) is mainly populated by a radiationless transition from the tetragonal T minimum of the same APES.Furthermore, a comparison of parameters for the impurity centre luminescence corresponding to the tetragonal emission band in KI : In and KI : Tl has been drawn.     

X-ray fluorescence determinatin of trace elements in soil

Trace elements in soil are quantified by direct X-ray fluorescence method. Gallium is used an internal standard to compensate for variations in sample matrix, instrumental operating characteristics, and sample preparation. At the 50-mg kg^?1 level, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and As can be determined within a precision and accuracy of ± 20% or less. Sample prepartion is less elaborate than for some other methods.     

Picosecond studies on the photodissociation dynamics of aromatic endoperoxides

Studies on various aromatic endoperoxides (POs) reveal a different photodynamic behavior despite similar excitation conditions and despite similar chromophore structures. Using picosecond laser pump-probe technique it was found that heterocoerdianthrone (HECD), dissolved in dichloromethane, is produced from photocycloreversion of its endoperoxide with a time constant of τ=40±10 ps. Since the lifetime of the photoreactive S₃ state is less than 3 ps, a two-step mechanism is expected. Photocleavage of the endoperoxide of anthradichromene (ADCPO) happens in 55±15 ps, whereas the endoperoxides of dimethylhomöocoerdianthrone (HOCDPO) and dimethoxyhomöocoerdianthrone (DMHDPO) photodissociate much faster. For their photodissociation we can state an upper time limit of 5 ps. The results of polarization and solvent dependent experiments demonstrate that the observed rise of signal is directly correlated with the formation of the parent compound in the ground state. The dynamics of the photodissociation of HECPO does not depend on polarity or viscosity of solvent. Therefore, an oxciplex configuration or an intermediate zwitterion cannot be involved in the photocycloreversion of aromatic endoperoxides. The model of a biradical mechanism must be claimed instead.     

Control of a coupled map lattice model for vortex shedding in the wake of a cylinder

The flow behind a vibrating flexible cable at low Reynolds numbers can exhibit complex wake structures such as lace-like patterns, vortex dislocations and frequency cells. These structures have been observed in experiments and numerical simulations, and are predicted by a previously developed low-order coupled map lattice (CML). The discrete (in time and space) CML models consist of a series of diffusively coupled circle map oscillators along the cable span. Motivated by a desire to modify the complex wake patterns behind flexible vibrating cables we have studied the addition of control terms into the highly efficient CML models and explored the resulting dynamics. Proportional, adaptive proportional and discontinuous non-linear (DNL) control methods were used to derive the control laws. The first method employed occasional proportional feedback. The adaptive method used spatio-temporal feedback control. The DNL method used a discontinuous feedback linearization procedure, and the controller was designed for the resulting linearized system using eigenvalue assignment. These techniques were applied to a modeled vortex dislocation structure in the wake of a vibrating cable in uniform freestream flow. Parallel shedding patterns were achieved for a range of forcing frequency-forcing amplitude combinations studied to validate the control theory. The adaptive proportional and DNL methods were found to be more effective than the proportional control method due to the incorporation of a spatially varying feedback gain across the cylinder span. The DNL method was found to be the most efficient controller of the low-order CML model. The required control level across the cable span was correlated to the 1/1 lock-on behavior of the temporal circle map.     

A NEW REUSABLE CHEMICAL ACTINOMETER FOR UV IRRADIATION IN THE 248 - 334 nm RANGE

The highly reversible thermally stable photochromic system consisting of heterocoerdianthrone-endoperoxide (HCDPO) and its parent compounds HCD and 0₂ is proposed as a new reusable liquid chemical actinometer in the UV region 248 ≤λ≤ 334 nm. The foremost advantageous features of this new system are: (1) high reproducibility and accuracy, (2) high sensitivity, (3) almost wavelength independent quantum yields, (4) no loss in accuracy even after 100 repeated actinometric cycles and (5) very easy handling and straightforward calculability of the radiation quantum flux.