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61.
Malonic acid derivatives undergo unusually mild decarboxylation when treated with N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) at room temperature to generate the carbonyl imidazole moiety in high yield, which can be reacted further with a variety of nucleophiles in an efficient one-pot process. 相似文献
62.
Ahmad QR Allen RC Andersen TC Anglin JD Bühler G Barton JC Beier EW Bercovitch M Bigu J Biller S Black RA Blevis I Boardman RJ Boger J Bonvin E Boulay MG Bowler MG Bowles TJ Brice SJ Browne MC Bullard TV Burritt TH Cameron K Cameron J Chan YD Chen M Chen HH Chen X Chon MC Cleveland BT Clifford ET Cowan JH Cowen DF Cox GA Dai Y Dai X Dalnoki-Veress F Davidson WF Doe PJ Doucas G Dragowsky MR Duba CA Duncan FA Dunmore J Earle ED Elliott SR Evans HC Ewan GT Farine J Fergani H Ferraris AP Ford RJ 《Physical review letters》2001,87(7):071301
Solar neutrinos from (8)B decay have been detected at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory via the charged current (CC) reaction on deuterium and the elastic scattering (ES) of electrons. The flux of nu(e)'s is measured by the CC reaction rate to be straight phi(CC)(nu(e)) = 1.75 +/- 0.07(stat)(+0.12)(-0.11)(syst) +/- 0.05(theor) x 10(6) cm(-2) s(-1). Comparison of straight phi(CC)(nu(e)) to the Super-Kamiokande Collaboration's precision value of the flux inferred from the ES reaction yields a 3.3 sigma difference, assuming the systematic uncertainties are normally distributed, providing evidence of an active non- nu(e) component in the solar flux. The total flux of active 8B neutrinos is determined to be 5.44+/-0.99 x 10(6) cm(-2) s(-1). 相似文献
63.
V. V. Gorbachev J. N. Abdurashitov T. J. Bowles M. L. Cherry B. T. Cleveland R. Davis Jr. S. R. Elliott V. N. Gavrin S. V. Girin P. P. Gurkina T. V. Ibragimova A. V. Kalikhov N. G. Khairnasov T. V. Knodel K. Lande I. N. Mirmov J. S. Nico A. A. Shikhin W. A. Teasdale E. P. Veretenkin V. M. Vermul D. L. Wark P. S. Wildenhain J. F. Wilkerson V. E. Yants G. T. Zatsepin 《Physics of Atomic Nuclei》2002,65(12):2156-2160
The solar neutrino capture rate measured by the Russian-American Gallium Experiment on a metallic gallium target SAGE during the time from January 1990 through December 2000 is 77.0 ?6.2 ?3.0 +6.2 +3.5 SNU, where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively. The experimental procedures and data analysis are presented. 相似文献
64.
J. N. Abdurashitov E. P. Veretenkin V. M. Vermul V. N. Gavrin S. V. Girin V. V. Gorbachev P. P. Gurkina G. T. Zatsepin T. V. Ibragimova A. V. Kalikhov T. V. Knodel I. N. Mirmov N. G. Khairnasov A. A. Shikhin V. E. Yants T. J. Bowles W. A. Teasdale J. S. Nico J. F. Wilkerson B. T. Cleveland S. R. Elliott 《Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics》2002,95(2):181-193
We present measurements of the solar neutrino capture rate on metallic gallium in the Soviet-American gallium experiment (SAGE) over a period of slightly more than half the 22-year solar cycle. A combined analysis of 92 runs over the twelve-year period from January 1990 until December 2001 yields a capture rate of 70.8 ?5.2 +5.3 (stat) ?3.2 +3.7 (sys) SNU for solar neutrinos with energies above 0.233 MeV. This value is slightly more than half the rate predicted by the standard solar model, 130 SNU. We present the results of new runs since April 1998 and analyze all runs combined by years, months, and bimonthly periods beginning in 1990. A simple analysis of the SAGE results together with the results of other solar neutrino experiments gives an estimate of (4.6±1.2)× 1010 neutrinos cm?2 s?1 for the flux of the electron pp neutrinos that reach the Earth without changing their flavor. The flux of the pp neutrinos produced in thermonuclear reactions in the Sun is estimated to be (7.6 ± 2.0) × 1010 neutrinos cm?2 s?1, in agreement with the value of (5.95±0.06)×1010 neutrinos cm?2 s?1 predicted by the standard solar model. 相似文献
65.
66.
We use molecular simulation to calculate the nucleation free energy barrier for the freezing of a 456 atom gold cluster over a range of temperatures. The results show that the embryo of the solid cluster grows at the vapor-surface interface for all temperatures studied and that the usual classical nucleation model, with the embryo growing in the core of the cluster, is unable to predict the shape of the free energy barrier. We use a simple partial wetting model that treats the crystal as a lens-shaped nucleus at the liquid-vapor interface and find that the line tension plays an important role in the freezing of gold nanoparticles. 相似文献
67.
Ahmed SN Anthony AE Beier EW Bellerive A Biller SD Boger J Boulay MG Bowler MG Bowles TJ Brice SJ Bullard TV Chan YD Chen M Chen X Cleveland BT Cox GA Dai X Dalnoki-Veress F Doe PJ Dosanjh RS Doucas G Dragowsky MR Duba CA Duncan FA Dunford M Dunmore JA Earle ED Elliott SR Evans HC Ewan GT Farine J Fergani H Fleurot F Formaggio JA Fowler MM Frame K Frati W Fulsom BG Gagnon N Graham K Grant DR Hahn RL Hall JC Hallin AL Hallman ED Hamer AS Handler WB Hargrove CK Harvey PJ Hazama R Heeger KM 《Physical review letters》2004,92(10):102004
Data from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory have been used to constrain the lifetime for nucleon decay to "invisible" modes, such as n-->3nu. The analysis was based on a search for gamma rays from the deexcitation of the residual nucleus that would result from the disappearance of either a proton or neutron from 16O. A limit of tau(inv)>2 x 10(29) yr is obtained at 90% confidence for either neutron- or proton-decay modes. This is about an order of magnitude more stringent than previous constraints on invisible proton-decay modes and 400 times more stringent than similar neutron modes. 相似文献
68.
Indenbom MV van Der Beek CJ Konczykowski M Holtzberg F 《Physical review letters》2000,84(8):1792-1795
From magneto-optical imaging performed on heavy-ion-irradiated YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-delta) single crystals, it is found that at fields and temperatures where strong single vortex pinning by individual irradiation-induced amorphous columnar defects is to be expected, vortex motion is limited by the nucleation of vortex kinks at the specimen surface. In the material bulk, vortex motion occurs through (easy) kink sliding. Depinning in the bulk determines the screening current only at fields comparable to or larger than the matching field, at which the majority of vortices is not trapped by an ion track. 相似文献
69.
70.
R. A. Mendelson W. A. Bowles F. L. Finger 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》1970,8(1):127-141
The investigation of the effect of molecular structural variables on the melt viscosity of polyethylene was extended to the shear dependent region by application of a reduced variables treatment following, in a formal sense, that of Bueche. Viscosity–shear rate data were obtained for a series of experimentally polymerized linear polyethylene samples having a range of molecular weights and molecular weight distributions as characterized primarily by gel permeation chromatography. These data could be superimposed on a single reduced variables flow curve using parameters which were a function only of temperature, limiting Newtonian viscosity, M?w, and M?w/M?n. The same treatment was successfully applied also to branched (low-density) fraction data discussed in a previous paper, with additional correction for long-chain branching. However, different reduced variables curves were obtained for the branched and linear cases. 相似文献