Quaternion Octonion Reformulation of Grand Unified Theories

In this paper, Grand Unified theories are discussed in terms of quaternions and octonions by using the relation between quaternion basis elements with Pauli matrices and Octonions with Gell Mann λ matrices. Connection between the unitary groups of GUTs and the normed division algebra has been established to re-describe the SU(5) gauge group. We have thus described the SU(5) gauge group and its subgroup SU(3) _C ×SU(2) _L ×U(1) by using quaternion and octonion basis elements. As such the connection between U(1) gauge group and complex number, SU(2) gauge group and quaternions and SU(3) and octonions is established. It is concluded that the division algebra approach to the theory of unification of fundamental interactions as the case of GUTs leads to the consequences towards the new understanding of these theories which incorporate the existence of magnetic monopole and dyon.     

Development of Stimulus‐Responsive Degradable Film via Codeposition of Dopamine and Cystamine

Herein, we report a degradable film that can be coated on various substrates by the codeposition of dopamine and cystamine. The thickness of the resulting film (pDC) varies depending on the initial ratio of dopamine/cystamine dissolved in a solution; the thickest film (ca. 60 nm) is obtained under optimized codeposition conditions. Selective degradation of pDC occurs in the presence of tris(2‐carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), the reaction kinetics of which are highly dependent on the TCEP concentration. For further application as a drug‐delivery platform, doxorubicin can be loaded within the pDC film, which is released actively under film degradation in response to TCEP. We expect that the developed pDC film will be a useful tool for developing drug delivery cargo, antibacterial surface, and cell surface coating for various biomedical applications.     

Effects of thermal light source properties in two-photon subwavelength coincidence interference experiments

We perform two-photon coincidence subwavelength interference experiments from double slit using independent photons obtained from a pseudo-thermal light source produced by (i) slowly rotating ground glass (RGG) with turbid solution of a different density and (ii) RGG. The turbid solution is water solution containing 3 μm diameter polystyrene microspheres. It is found that the visibility of the obtained interference pattern decreases in first experiment with increasing the density of the turbid solution from N = 10¹⁰ spheres m⁻³ to N = 10¹⁴ spheres m⁻³. However, the results are reported here for the density of N = 10¹⁴ spheres m⁻³. The visibility obtained with RGG with turbid solution having N = 10¹⁴ spheres m⁻³is 23% which increases to 27% with RGG but the resolution decreases. The effect of coherence width of source in two-photon interference pattern is also studied with pseudo-thermal light obtained by RGG. It was observed that on increasing the coherence width the visibility of interference fringes increased and quality of the fringe reduced and when the coherence width was more then slit separation, in coincidence measurements, no interference pattern appeared. The results are used to explore the classical subwavelength interference nature with thermal light.     

Mesonic and baryonic Regge trajectories with quantized masses

We have constructed some Regge trajectories for mesons and baryons by taking the 70 MeV spinless mass quanta as the ultimate building block for the light hadrons. In order to make masses integral multiples of seventy, small changes in masses has been made with due explanation. We have shown how a linear relationship between J and M ² is maintained by considering quantized hadron masses, which is a direct consequence of the string model and gives a strong clue for quark confinement. It has also been established that mesons and baryons have different slopes and the slopes of baryons is less than the slope of the mesons. This clearly defies the concept of universality of slopes (α ≈ 1.1 GeV²) of hadrons, which can only be achieved if the strings joining the quarks have constant string tension α = 1/(2πσ) (where σ is the string tension).     

Quaternion Octonion Reformulation of Quantum Chromodynamics

We have made an attempt to develop the quaternionic formulation of Yang–Mill’s field equations and octonion reformulation of quantum chromo dynamics (QCD). Starting with the Lagrangian density, we have discussed the field equations of SU(2) and SU(3) gauge fields for both cases of global and local gauge symmetries. It has been shown that the three quaternion units explain the structure of Yang–Mill’s field while the seven octonion units provide the consistent structure of SU(3) _C gauge symmetry of quantum chromo dynamics.     

Temperature-reversible ultrathin films of N-isopropylacrylamide terpolymer adsorbed at the solid-liquid interface

This article describes the stability and reversibility of ultrathin films of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA)-vinylimidazole (VI)-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) graft terpolymer adsorbed at the solid-liquid interface upon temperature cycling from below to above its phase transition temperature. The coil-to-globule and globule-to-coil phase transitions were captured by in situ fluid tapping atomic force microscopy (AFM). The film thickness of 1 nm was determined by AFM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray reflectivity. The concentration required to reach full coverage was found to be higher when adsorption occurred below the phase transition temperature. From 23 to 42 degrees C, the adsorbed NIPA terpolymer film was observed to be molecularly smooth, corresponding to the close-packed structure of flexible polymer coils. Particles containing between one and a few globules appeared abruptly at the interface at 42-43 degrees C, the same temperature as the solution phase transition temperature, which was determined by dynamic light scattering. The size of the particles did not change with temperature, whereas the number of particles increased with increasing temperature up to 60 degrees C. The particles correspond to the collapsed and associated state of the globules. The film morphological changes were found to be reversible upon temperature cycling. Subtle differences were observed between dip-coated and spin-coated films that are consistent with a higher degree of molecular freedom for spin-coated films. The study contributes to the fundamental understanding and applications of smart ultrathin films and coatings.     

Understanding the electrochemical differences of Pt doped and Pt supported over CeO2

Pt supported over CeO₂ (Pt on CeO₂) and Pt doped CeO₂ (Pt in CeO₂) are synthesized using chemical reduction and solution combustion method. In chemical reduction two different reducing agents are used namely; hydrazine hydrate and formaldehyde giving Pt supported over CeO₂. Solution combustion method is used to prepare Pt doped CeO₂. Detailed characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area measurement and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is carried out to distinguish the Pt supported and doped compounds. XRD and TEM results have clearly shown the differences in the structure and morphology, however, BET results do not show significant differences. Further, electrochemical measurements are performed in neutral medium to differentiate the electrochemical activity. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) indeed shows noticeable differences between Pt supported over CeO₂ and Pt doped CeO₂. CeO₂ alone has also shown different electrochemical behavior compared to the Pt containing CeO₂. Considering oxygen evolution reaction (OER) as a model reaction, Tafel slope measurements are performed for CeO₂, Pt supported over CeO₂ and Pt doped CeO₂ to observe the differences. It was noted that CeO₂ and Pt doped CeO₂ showed similar Tafel slope indicating the same mechanism, while Pt supported over CeO₂ showed different Tafel slopes, hence the different mechanism.     

Development and evaluation of orodispersible sustained release formulation of amisulpride–γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complex

Amisulpride (AMI) is an atypical antipsychotic having poor aqueous solubility and poor oral bioavailability. Inclusion complex between AMI and gamma cyclodextrin (γ-CD) was prepared by kneading method using 1:1 stoichiometry. Solubility of AMI was enhanced by 3.74 times after inclusion complex formation. Amisulpride–γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complex was characterized by FTIR, DSC and XRD techniques. Further sustained release granules of Amisulpride–γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (CDSR) were prepared by treating complex with molten stearic acid. Drug release from CDSR granules was sustained up to 12 h with 100 % stearic acid proportion. The integrity of AMI–γ-CD inclusion complex in lipid phase was assessed by XRD study. Finally orodispersible tablets of CDSR granules (OD-CDSR) were prepared using Ac-Di-Sol and microcrystalline cellulose. Disintegration time was assessed by both pharmacopoeial and modified method. Optimized formulation was rapidly disintegrated within 25 s. Thus solubility enhancement and sustained release of AMI was achieved by orodispersion of CDSR granules for improvement of patient compliance.