全文获取类型
收费全文 | 23046篇 |
免费 | 4377篇 |
国内免费 | 3896篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 16739篇 |
晶体学 | 431篇 |
力学 | 1495篇 |
综合类 | 296篇 |
数学 | 2401篇 |
物理学 | 9957篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 77篇 |
2023年 | 424篇 |
2022年 | 810篇 |
2021年 | 893篇 |
2020年 | 1032篇 |
2019年 | 985篇 |
2018年 | 891篇 |
2017年 | 876篇 |
2016年 | 1219篇 |
2015年 | 1264篇 |
2014年 | 1496篇 |
2013年 | 1875篇 |
2012年 | 2362篇 |
2011年 | 2345篇 |
2010年 | 1704篇 |
2009年 | 1691篇 |
2008年 | 1779篇 |
2007年 | 1561篇 |
2006年 | 1399篇 |
2005年 | 1181篇 |
2004年 | 884篇 |
2003年 | 658篇 |
2002年 | 674篇 |
2001年 | 577篇 |
2000年 | 462篇 |
1999年 | 387篇 |
1998年 | 301篇 |
1997年 | 238篇 |
1996年 | 203篇 |
1995年 | 165篇 |
1994年 | 158篇 |
1993年 | 124篇 |
1992年 | 125篇 |
1991年 | 107篇 |
1990年 | 90篇 |
1989年 | 56篇 |
1988年 | 43篇 |
1987年 | 23篇 |
1986年 | 29篇 |
1985年 | 37篇 |
1984年 | 31篇 |
1983年 | 19篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1981年 | 12篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1979年 | 6篇 |
1974年 | 4篇 |
1966年 | 2篇 |
1959年 | 3篇 |
1957年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
52.
A novel route for waste water treatment: photo-assisted Fenton degradation of dye pollutants accumulated in natural polyelectrolyte microshells 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The efficient accumulation of dyes in constructed natural polyelectrolyte microshells under moderate conditions, combined with the photo-assisted Fenton reagent, opens a new route for the effective elimination of dye pollutants from waste water. 相似文献
53.
Seong J Rohrbacher A Li ZR Janda KC Tao FM Spiegelman F Halberstadt N 《The Journal of chemical physics》2004,120(16):7456-7463
The potential energy surface of He2Ne+ has been reinvestigated using a combination of ab initio and diatomics-in-molecule (DIM) calculations. In contrast to the reports of two recent studies the ion is found to have an asymmetric linear He-Ne-He structure, with no barrier to formation from the separated atoms on the ground-state surface. The He-Ne+ bond lengths at the potential minimum are 1.51 and 1.81 A, and the total bonding energy is 0.717 eV. Comparing the He2Ne+ energy to that of HeNe+, the bonding energy for the second helium atom is 0.06 eV, about 10% of that of the first He atom. The saddle point between the two equivalent minima is a symmetric structure, 0.0074 eV above the potential minimum. A symmetric geometry becomes the overall potential minimum if the 2s hole on the Ne is excluded from the reference states of a multireference configuration interaction calculation. A DIM potential was created for the HenNe+ family of ions. The DIM potential is consistent with the asymmetric He2Ne+ ion serving as a core; it predicts a slightly more asymmetric geometry than the ab initio results. Additional helium atoms form five-membered rings around the bonds of the core ion to fill the first shell and then add to the ends of the cluster. The asymmetric core ion and the highly compact structure help to account for the lack of apparent shell structure in the mass spectrometry of HenNe+ clusters. Finally, we recommend that the value De=0.63+/-0.04 eV be adopted for the ground state of HeNe+. 相似文献
54.
This paper reports the first example of diruthenium phosphonate with kagomé structure, namely, [NH3(CH2)4NH3][Ru2(hedpH(0.5))2].2H2O (hedp = 1-hydroxyethylidenediphosphonate). The compound contains kagomé layers that are linked by very strong hydrogen bonds into a nanoscale kagomé structure. Ferromagnetic interactions are mediated between the paramagnetic diruthenium units. 相似文献
55.
在电商扶贫中,政府常采用农业技术推广、政府采购、投入补贴三种农业帮扶模式,何种方式更有效是一个非常重要的问题。本文基于供应链视角,使用主从博弈模型对比分析供应链成员的决策行为,之后从农户收益最大化角度分析政府扶贫的效率,并讨论应用情景。结果表明:政府进行基础设施建设与农业帮扶均可提高农户收入;消费者的扶贫偏好会增加农产品价格与农户利润,且能够提高三种帮扶模式的效率;农户投入成本较小时,投入补贴模式扶贫效率最高,而农技推广与政府采购模式更稳定,在农户投入成本较高时更有效;政府资金有限时,投入补贴模式效率最高,当资金量中等时,农技推广模式效率最高,若资金比较充裕,则政府采购模式较为有效。 相似文献
56.
This paper presents the results of an experimental study of natural convection heat transfer between a horizontal cylindrical envelope and an internal concentric heated square cylinder with two slots. The internal cylinder was a hollow one with horizontal slots on its top and bottom surfaces. The ratio of slot widthS to the side heightH was 0.0612 and 0.3878. The ratio of the envelope inner diameterD
o
to the side heightH was 2.653. Air was used as the working fluid. The range of Ray-leigh number was 1.77×1028.72×106 forS/H=0.0612 and 1.32×1026.25×106 forS/H=0.3878. The results show that there are three different heat transfer regimes in different Ray-leigh number regions, i.e. pure conduction regime, transition regime and convection regime. The average heat transfer results were correlated into two empirical equations. Comparison was made with the non-slotted case. It is found that slots of the internal cylinder can significantly enhance the heat transfer.
Nomenclature C p specific heat at constant pressure, J/(kg·K) - D i diameter of the related circular cylinder whose circumferential area is equal to that of the unslotted square cylinder, m - D o internal diameter of the outer circular envelope, m - F i surface area of the inner two slot cylinder, m - g gravitational acceleration, m/s2 - H distance between the opposite sides of the square cylinder with two slots, m - K eq dimensionless equivalent thermal conductivity - L axial length of the test section, m - m ratio of the area of the unslotted square cylinder surface to that of the slotted square cylinder - P pressure in the enclosure, Pa - Q total power input to the enclosure, W - Q cond radial heat conduction, W - Q conv convective heat transfer, W - Q r radiation heat transfer, W - Q los end heat dissipation, W - R air gas constant, J/(kg·K) - Ra Rayleigh number - S slot width, m - T i wall temperature of the inner cylinder, K - T o wall temperature of the outer envelope, K - T m mean temperature, K - T temperature difference=T i –T o , K - W maximum gap width of the test annuli=(D o –H)/2 for the square case, m Greek symbols 0 black body radiation constant, W/(m2·K4) - s equation system emissivity - air thermal conductivity, W/(m·K) - eq equivalent thermal conductivity, W/(m·K) - air dynamic viscosity, kg/(m·s) This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. 相似文献
Experimentelle Untersuchung des Wärmeübergangs bei natürlicher Konvektion zwischen einer horizontalen zylindrischen Außenhülle und einem konzentrischen, beheizten, quadratischen Prisma mit zwei Schlitzen
Zusammenfassung In der Arbeit werden die Ergebnisse einer experimentellen Untersuchung des Wärmeübergangs bei natürlicher Konvektion zwischen einer horizontalen zylindrischen Außenhülle und einem beheizten quadratischen Prisma mit zwei Schlitzen vorgestellt. Das Prisma selbst ist hohl und weist in der oberen und unteren Begrenzungsfläche je einen horizontalen Längsschlitz auf. Das Verhältnis von SchlitzweiteS zu SeitenhöheH beträgt 0,0612 und 0,3878, das des HülleninnendurchmessersD o zur SeitenhöheH beträgt 2,653. Als Arbeitsmedium diente Luft. Die Rayleigh-Zahlen variierten zwischen 1,7·102 und 8,72·106 fürS/H=0,0612 und zwischen 1,32·102 und 6,25·106 fürS/H=0,3878. Die Ergebnisse belegen die Existenz dreier unterschiedlicher Wärmeübergangsregime in den verschiedenen Rayleigh-Zahl-Bereichen, und zwar reiner Leitungsbereich, Übergangsgebiet und Konvektionsbereich. Die Ergebnisse für den Wärmeübergang werden im Vergleich mit jenen für ein Prisma ohne Schlitze durch zwei Korrelationbeziehungen dargestellt. Es zeigt sich, daß durch Anbringung von Schlitzen am Innenprisma der Wärmeübergang wesentlich verstärkt werden kann.
Nomenclature C p specific heat at constant pressure, J/(kg·K) - D i diameter of the related circular cylinder whose circumferential area is equal to that of the unslotted square cylinder, m - D o internal diameter of the outer circular envelope, m - F i surface area of the inner two slot cylinder, m - g gravitational acceleration, m/s2 - H distance between the opposite sides of the square cylinder with two slots, m - K eq dimensionless equivalent thermal conductivity - L axial length of the test section, m - m ratio of the area of the unslotted square cylinder surface to that of the slotted square cylinder - P pressure in the enclosure, Pa - Q total power input to the enclosure, W - Q cond radial heat conduction, W - Q conv convective heat transfer, W - Q r radiation heat transfer, W - Q los end heat dissipation, W - R air gas constant, J/(kg·K) - Ra Rayleigh number - S slot width, m - T i wall temperature of the inner cylinder, K - T o wall temperature of the outer envelope, K - T m mean temperature, K - T temperature difference=T i –T o , K - W maximum gap width of the test annuli=(D o –H)/2 for the square case, m Greek symbols 0 black body radiation constant, W/(m2·K4) - s equation system emissivity - air thermal conductivity, W/(m·K) - eq equivalent thermal conductivity, W/(m·K) - air dynamic viscosity, kg/(m·s) This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. 相似文献
57.
58.
We make a high-precision Monte Carlo study of two- and three-dimensional self-avoiding walks (SAWs) of length up to 80,000 steps, using the pivot algorithm and the Karp-Luby algorithm. We study the critical exponentsv and 2
4 – as well as several universal amplitude ratios; in particular, we make an extremely sensitive test of the hyperscaling relationdv = 2
4 –. In two dimensions, we confirm the predicted exponentv=3/4 and the hyperscaling relation; we estimate the universal ratios <R
g
2
>/<R
e
2
>=0.14026±0.00007, <R
m
2
>/<R
e
2
>=0.43961±0.00034, and *=0.66296±0.00043 (68% confidence limits). In three dimensions, we estimatev=0.5877±0.0006 with a correctionto-scaling exponent
1=0.56±0.03 (subjective 68% confidence limits). This value forv agrees excellently with the field-theoretic renormalization-group prediction, but there is some discrepancy for
1. Earlier Monte Carlo estimates ofv, which were 0.592, are now seen to be biased by corrections to scaling. We estimate the universal ratios <R
g
2
>/<R
e
2
>=0.1599±0.0002 and *=0.2471±0.0003; since *>0, hyperscaling holds. The approach to * is from above, contrary to the prediction of the two-parameter renormalization-group theory. We critically reexamine this theory, and explain where the error lies. In an appendix, we prove rigorously (modulo some standard scaling assumptions) the hyperscaling relationdv = 2
4 – for two-dimensional SAWs. 相似文献
59.
Makins NC Ent R Chapman MS Hansen J Lee K Milner RG Nelson J Arnold RG Bosted PE Keppel CE Lung A Rock SE Spengos M Szalata ZM Tao LH White JL Coulter KP Geesaman DF Holt RJ Jackson HE Papavassiliou V Potterveld DH Zeidman B Arrington J Beise EJ Belz E Filippone BW Gao H Lorenzon W Mueller B McKeown RD O'Neill TG Epstein M Margaziotis DJ Napolitano J Kinney E Anthony PL van Bibber K Dietrich FS Gearhart RA Patratos GG Kuhn SE van den Brand JF Bulten H Jones CE 《Physical review letters》1994,72(13):1986-1989
60.