Static Plane-Symmetric Nonlinear Spinor and Scalar Fields in GR

We consider a system of minimally coupled nonlinear spinor and scalar fields within the scope of a plane-symmetric gravitational field. The gravitational field plays crucial role in the formation of soliton-like solutions, i.e., solutions with limited total energy, spin, and charge. The change of the sign of the scalar field energy density of the system in question realizes physically if and only if the scalar charge does not exceed some critical value. In case of spinor field no such restriction on its parameter occurs. The choice of spinor field nonlinearity leads to the elimination of scalar field contribution to the metric functions, but leaves its contribution to the total energy unaltered. The spinor field is more sensitive to the gravitational field than the scalar field.     

Molecular structure of an ancient folk medicine: Berberine hydrogen sulfate

The crystal structure of the versatile folk medicine berberine hydrogen sulfate, (C₂₀H₁₈NO₄)⁺HSO ₄ ^– , has been determined by the heavy-atom method and refined by blocked full-matrix least-squares refinement. The crystals are triclinic, space groupF¯1,a=20.370(5),b=7.435(2),c=27.427(6) Å,=97.700(9),=116.222(9),=85.456.(8)°,Z=8,D _x =1.556 g cm^–3,D _m =1.549(5) g cm^–3. The structure refined toR=0.070 for 1659 observed reflections withI(hkl)2.5[I(hkl)]. The ring system of the berberine molecule is approximately planar, with both –OCH₃ groups twisted slightly out of the plane. Heterocyclic ringB has a half-chair conformation with a pseudo-two-fold axis bisecting the bonds C(9)-C(10) and C(7)-C(8), diagonal to the isoquinoline groupAB. The five-membered ringE has an envelope conformation, the apical atom C(1) being out of plane.     

On finite groups with a certain number of centralizers

LetG be a finite group and #Cent(G) denote the number of centralizers of its elements.G is calledn-centralizer if #Cent(G)=n, and primitiven-centralizer if #Cent(G)=#Cent(G/Z(G))=n. In this paper we investigate the structure of finite groups with at most 21 element centralizers. We prove that such a group is solvable and ifG is a finite group such thatG/Z(G)?A₅, then #Cent(G)=22 or 32. Moroever, we prove that A₅ is the only finite simple group with 22 centralizers. Therefore we obtain a characterization of A₅ in terms of the number of centralizers     

Pitzer Ion Interaction Parameters of Single Aqueous Electrolytes at 25°C

The ion interaction parameters (Pitzer parameters), ⁽⁰⁾, ⁽¹⁾, and C for 52 single 1-1 electrolytes in aqueous solutions have been obtained from experimental data in the literature on the thermodynamic properties at 25°C using Pitzer's equations. Out of these 52 electrolytes investigated, the ion interaction parameters for nine of them have been reported earlier, but those analyses were limited to only the low concentration region. The present evaluations, however, include the higher concentration data for these systems. The calculated activity coefficients of lithium methanesulfonate, sodium methanesulfonate, potassium methanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonic acid, 2,5-dimethylbenzenesulfonic acid, sodium formate, sodium acetate, sodium propionate, and ammonium bromide from this analysis and those from earlier evaluations are compared to the available experimental data. The comparisons show better agreement with experimental data when we use the present set of parameters evaluated with data extending to higher concentrations than those reported earlier. In general, the parameters obtained in this study reproduce quite satisfactorily the experimental thermodynamic properties of the electrolytes studied over the entire concentration range. The implications of these parameters are also discussed in terms of interionic forces.     

Wavelength tuning characteristics of a fabry-perot semiconductor laser with an external short cavity

Wavelength tuning characteristics of a Fabry-Perot semiconductor laser with an external short cavity are analyzed, in which the oscillation wavelength can be changed by slightly altering the external cavity length. Analysis is based on rate equations for an optical power and carrier density. It is shown that the wavelength tuning range is dominated by a change of carrier density through the effect of carrier-induced refractive index change in the active layer of a laser diode. This depends on effective coupling coefficients of the optical field iteratively reflected back to the laser diode by the external mirror, and on reflection coefficients of an anti-reflection coated laser facet and the external mirror which compose the external cavity. The effective coupling coefficient is also derived using the waveguide theory and Kirchhoff ’s theory. Finally, an unstable condition which may limit a stable wavelength tuning range is shown by results of a linear stability analysis of rate equations.     

Numerical investigation of corner angle and wing number effects on fluid flow characteristics of a turbulent stellar jet

In this research the fluid dynamics characteristics of a stellar turbulent jet flow is studied numerically and the results of three dimensional jet issued from a stellar nozzle are presented. A numerical method based on control volume approach with collocated grid arrangement is employed. The turbulent stresses are approximated using k–ε and k–ω models with four different inlet conditions. The velocity field is presented and the rate of decay at jet centerline is noted. Special attention is drawn on the influence of corner angle and number of wings on mixing in stellar cross section jets. Stellar jets with three; four and five wings and 15–65° corner angles are studied. Also the effect of Reynolds number (based on hydraulic diameter) as well as the inflow conditions on the evolution of the stellar jet is studied. The Numerical results show that the jet entrains more with corner angle 65° and five wings number. The jet is close to a converged state for high Reynolds numbers. Also the influence of the inflow conditions on the jet characteristics is so strong.     

Cladonia verticillaris (lichen) can exhibit defense mechanisms against Rn-222 under controlled conditions

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the Rn-222 progeny on the lichen Cladonia verticillaris under controlled conditions. The results...