Estimation of the energy spectrum of cosmic ray electrons at the atmospheric depth (3.8–7.4)g.cm−2

Analytical calculations have been done to estimate the energy spectra of the secondary electrons originated from the decay of charged and neutral pions initiated on the upper atmosphere from the primary nucleon–air interactions in the energy range (4–100) GeV. The calculations are valid up to an atmospheric depth of about (3.8–7.4) g.cm^–2. The derived results are compared with the observed electron fluxes available from the balloon flight experiments of MASS2, HEAT, magnetic spectrometer system of Golden et al., instrument using scintillating fibers of Nishimura et al., and BETS.     

Beyond the standard model: Working group report

This report summarises the work done in the ‘Beyond the Standard Model’ working group of the Sixth Workshop on High Energy Physics Phenomenology (WHEPP-6) held at the Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai, Jan 3–15, 2000. The participants in this working group were: R Adhikari, B Ananthanarayan, K P S Balaji, Gour Bhattacharya, Gautam Bhattacharyya, Chao-Hsi Chang (Zhang). D Choudhury, Amitava Datta, Anindya Datta, Asesh K Datta, A Dighe, N Gaur, D Ghosh, A Goyal, K Kar, S F King, Anirban Kundu, U Mahanta, R N Mohapatra, B Mukhopadhyaya, S Pakvasa, P N Pandita, M K Parida, P Poulose, G Raffelt, G Rajasekaran, S Rakshit, Asim K Ray, A Raychaudhuri, S Raychaudhuri, D P Roy, P Roy, S Roy, K Sridhar and S Vempati.     

Experimental investigation of heat transfer performance of corrugated tube with spring tape inserts

Turbulent forced convection in a corrugated tube with spring tape is investigated experimentally, for Reynolds numbers from 10,000 to 50,000. The working fluid is air. Experiments are performed for different pitch and spring ratios. Results show that Nusselt numbers can be increased considerably, depending on pitch and spring ratios. An overall assessment, considering the friction losses, is achieved using the thermo-hydraulic performance parameter. The latter is observed to take values larger than unity for all cases, where quite high values around 2.8 occur for cases with smallest pitch and spring ratios. Predictive Nusselt number and friction factor correlations are proposed.     

Wave induced sliding at the interface between a layered elastic medium and a half-space

The sliding interface between an unrestrained elastic half-space and a grounded layered half-space excited by an incident harmonic wave is investigated. The problem is formulated considering various possible boundary conditions and boundary inequalities at the sliding interface. The Coulomb friction model without distinction between the static and kinetic coefficients of friction is considered to govern the sliding condition. Three possible bands at the interface, namely slip, stick, and separation, are considered. The interface is assumed to be preloaded under normal and shear stresses. The solution is developed by modifying the problem of welded interface, which then is reduced to a set of algebraic equations. The effects of the incident angle, layer thickness, friction coefficient and externally applied stresses on the drift velocity of the unrestrained half-space are studied numerically for a pair of materials. It is shown that the sliding interface, and hence the drift velocity of unrestrained half-space is noticeably influenced by the layered medium. These results are expected to be useful for the development of a new kind of ultrasonic drive in future.     

Effects of geometric modulation and surface potential heterogeneity on electrokinetic flow and solute transport in a microchannel

A numerical investigation is performed on the electroosmotic flow (EOF) in a surface-modulated microchannel to induce enhanced solute mixing. The channel wall is modulated by placing surface-mounted obstacles of trigonometric shape along which the surface potential is considered to be different from the surface potential of the homogeneous part of the wall. The characteristics of the electrokinetic flow are governed by the Laplace equation for the distribution of external electric potential; the Poisson equation for the distribution of induced electric potential; the Nernst–Planck equations for the distribution of ions; and the Navier–Stokes equations for fluid flow simultaneously. These nonlinear coupled set of governing equations are solved numerically by a control volume method over the staggered system. The influence of the geometric modulation of the surface, surface potential heterogeneity and the bulk ionic concentration on the EOF is analyzed. Vortical flow develops near a surface modulation, and it becomes stronger when the surface potential of the modulated region is in opposite sign to the surface potential of the homogeneous part of the channel walls. Vortical flow also depends on the Debye length when the Debye length is in the order of the channel height. Pressure drop along the channel length is higher for a ribbed wall channel compared to the grooved wall case. The pressure drop decreases with the increase in the amplitude for a grooved channel, but increases for a ribbed channel. The mixing index is quantified through the standard deviation of the solute distribution. Our results show that mixing index is higher for the ribbed channel compared to the grooved channel with heterogeneous surface potential. The increase in potential heterogeneity in the modulated region also increases the mixing index in both grooved and ribbed channels. However, the mixing performance, which is the ratio of the mixing index to pressure drop, reduces with the rise in the surface potential heterogeneity.     

Sommerfeld effect in a gyroscopic overhung rotor-disk system

Deflection of a rotor-disk at the free end of a flexible overhung rotor-shaft causes rotation about diametral axis and consequently leads to a strong gyroscopic coupling in a spinning overhung rotor system. When the rotor is spun up about its axis, the unbalance in the rotor-disk causes transverse and rotational vibrations to increase as the spin speed approaches the critical speed of the rotor. These transverse and rotational vibrations dissipate a lot of energy, and if the rotor is driven through a non-ideal drive, i.e., a motor which can supply a limited amount of power, then the entire motor power may be spent to account for the energy dissipation. As a result, the rotor speed may get stuck in resonance at the critical speed or jump through the critical speed to a much higher speed with lower transverse and rotational vibration levels. These symptoms, normally referred to as the Sommerfeld effect, occur due to the intrinsic energetic coupling between the drive and the driven systems and are important design considerations for development of various rotating machinery with flexible rotor-shafts or supports (bearings). Sommerfeld effect in a strongly gyroscopic rotor dynamic system is studied in this article. The dynamics of an overhung rotor system near the regimes of Sommerfeld effect is studied by using a discrete and a continuous shaft-rotor model coupled with the model of the non-ideal motor drive. The models are developed using multi-energy domain modeling approach in bond graph model form. A steady-state analysis of power transfer mechanism is used to postulate the ideal characteristics of Sommerfeld effect in the neighborhood of the critical speed, and thereafter, full transient analysis is performed with aid of the bond graph model-generated coupled equations of motion to validate the postulated characteristics of the Sommerfeld effect.     

Effect of thermal radiation on heat transfer in an unsteady copper–water nanofluid flow over an exponentially shrinking porous sheet

The effect of thermal radiation on an unsteady boundary layer flow and heat transfer in a copper–water nanofluid over an exponentially shrinking porous sheet is investigated. With the use of suitable transformations, the governing equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations. Dual non-similarity solutions are obtained for certain values of some parameters. Owing to the presence of thermal radiation, the heat transfer rate is greatly enhanced, and the thermal boundary layer thickness decreases.     

Electroweak symmetry breaking and beyond the Standard Model physics — A review

In this talk, I shall first discuss the Standard Model Higgs mechanism and then highlight some of its deficiencies making a case for the need to go beyond the Standard Model (BSM). The BSM tour will be guided by symmetry arguments. I shall pick up four specific BSM scenarios, namely, supersymmetry, little Higgs, gauge-Higgs unification, and the Higgsless approach. The discussion will be confined mainly on their electroweak symmetry breaking aspects.      

Anti-resonant reflecting photonic crystal waveguide (ARRPCW): modeling and design

In this paper, we apply an antiresonant reflecting layer concept in photonic crystal based waveguides. We have proposed a thin core ARRPCW with linear waveguide carved in it and hence calculated the transmission spectra for various length of waveguide and have shown that the longer waveguides in ARRPCW yields transmission with significantly high quality factor. Comparison of the transmission characteristics of normal conventional planar ARROW-B waveguides & ARRPCW has also been reported. The 2D FDTD numerical modeling reveals improved transmission for various lengths of planar ARROW and ARRPCW with low losses in long waveguides. Transmittance and quality factor are also calculated to confirm superior performance of the proposed design of ARROW based photonic crystal waveguide.