Experimental investigation of local heat transfer in a square duct with various-shaped ribs

In the present study, experimental studies are carried out to investigate the heat transfer and friction characteristics in a square duct roughened by various-shaped ribs on one wall. The ribs are oriented transversely to the main stream in a periodic arrangement. Liquid crystal thermography is employed to measure the local and average heat transfer coefficient on the ribbed surface. The rib height-to-duct hydraulic diameter ratio is fixed at 0.1; the rib pitch-to-height ratio varies from 8 to 15 and the test Reynolds number spans from 8,000 to 20,000. The results show that the trapezoidal-shaped ribs with decreasing height in the flow direction (case C) provide the highest heat transfer enhancement factor and are likely to be used to suppress the local hot spot which usually occurs in the region just behind the ribs.     

Finite difference formulas in the complex plane

Numerical Algorithms - Among general functions of two variables f(x, y), analytic functions f(z) with z = x + iy form a very important special case. One consequence of analyticity turns out to be...     

ESR applications to photochemical polymer reactions

ESR spectroscopy combined with spin-trapping technique is a selective and powerful method for studies of reaction mechanisms and intermediates in free radical reactions of polymer systems. The method has been applied to several problems in our research program of which three are presented in this paper. - The mechanism of photo-initiation with aromatic ketone/tert. amine and subsequent photocuring of acrylic coatings has been largely resolved. - The mechanism of photocrosslinking of ethylene-propylenediene copolymers (EPDM elastomers) studied by model compounds has been shown to involve formation of allyl radicals in the diene groups and crosslinking by allyl radical combination. - The photoinitiated crosslinking of polyethylenes (LD, LLD and HD) has been studied using model compounds. It involves formation of primary alkyl and allyl radicals which crosslink the polymer by radical combination. - The mechanism of photocrosslinking indicates a second order reaction, i.e. rate of crosslinking depends of the square of irradiation intensity which has been verified experimentally. This result is the basis for development of rapid crosslinking processes of technical and industrial interest.