全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4478篇 |
免费 | 72篇 |
国内免费 | 10篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 3178篇 |
晶体学 | 21篇 |
力学 | 74篇 |
数学 | 934篇 |
物理学 | 353篇 |
出版年
2019年 | 34篇 |
2016年 | 72篇 |
2015年 | 51篇 |
2014年 | 34篇 |
2013年 | 113篇 |
2012年 | 90篇 |
2011年 | 143篇 |
2010年 | 103篇 |
2009年 | 114篇 |
2008年 | 146篇 |
2007年 | 140篇 |
2006年 | 152篇 |
2005年 | 138篇 |
2004年 | 109篇 |
2003年 | 106篇 |
2002年 | 113篇 |
2001年 | 58篇 |
2000年 | 75篇 |
1999年 | 62篇 |
1998年 | 61篇 |
1997年 | 59篇 |
1996年 | 73篇 |
1995年 | 84篇 |
1994年 | 60篇 |
1993年 | 71篇 |
1992年 | 97篇 |
1991年 | 97篇 |
1990年 | 79篇 |
1989年 | 73篇 |
1988年 | 60篇 |
1987年 | 66篇 |
1986年 | 70篇 |
1985年 | 86篇 |
1984年 | 91篇 |
1983年 | 84篇 |
1982年 | 81篇 |
1981年 | 108篇 |
1980年 | 61篇 |
1979年 | 80篇 |
1978年 | 76篇 |
1977年 | 92篇 |
1976年 | 65篇 |
1975年 | 80篇 |
1974年 | 85篇 |
1973年 | 68篇 |
1972年 | 57篇 |
1971年 | 48篇 |
1970年 | 37篇 |
1967年 | 31篇 |
1962年 | 29篇 |
排序方式: 共有4560条查询结果,搜索用时 328 毫秒
971.
Martin Demuth Christopher O. Bender Slivia E. Braslavsky Helmut Grner Ulrich Burger Walter Amrein Kurt Schaffner 《Helvetica chimica acta》1979,62(3):847-851
8-Benzoyl-9-deuterio-naphtho [de-2.3.4]bicyclo [3.2.2]nona-2,6,8-triene ( 1 ) rearranged quantitatively in a photochemical di-π-methane-type process to 2-, 6-, and 9-deuteriated 1-benzoyl-naphtho [de-2.3.4]tricyclo [4.3.0.02,9]nona-2, 6-diene ( 8a–c ). The phenylhydroxymethyl analogue 2 underwent a similar regioselective rearrangement to 9a–c . The rearrangement 1 → 8a–c is proposed to proceed along three reaction paths evolving from two primary photochemical processes of naphthylvinyl and vinyl-vinyl bonding ( 1 → 3 + 6 ). Evidence for a competition between several paths and involvement of biradical intermediates derives from changes in the isotopomeric composition with temperature, and from laser flash detection (λexc 353 nm) of a transient. The dependence of the quantum yield for product formation from 1 on excitation wavelength and sensitizer triplet energy leads to the conclusion that reaction to the primary biradicals occurs directly from the S1 (n, π*) and T2 (n, π* ) states, and that reaction from T1 (π, π*) and from S2 (π, π*) proceed either directly or via T2. 相似文献
972.
Let R be an associative, commutative, unital ring. By a R-algebra we mean a unital R-module A together with a R-module homomorphism :
R
n
AA (n2). We raise the question whether such an algebra possesses either an idempotent or a nilpotent element. In section 1 an affirmative answer is obtained in case R=k is an algebraically closed field and dimkA<, as well as in case R=, dimS<, and n0(2). Section 2 deals with the case of reduced rings R and R-algebras which are finitely generated and projective as R-modules. In section 3 we show that the generic algebra over an integral domain D fails to have nilpotent elements in any integral domain extending its base ring Dn,m, and thus acquires an idempotent element in some integral domain extending Dn,m.Partially supported by National Science Foundation Grant GP-38229. 相似文献
973.
Helmut Friedrich 《Communications in Mathematical Physics》1986,103(1):35-65
The existence of space-times representing pure gravitational radiation which comes in from infinity and interacts with itself is discussed. They are characterized as solutions of Einstein's vacuum field equations possessing a smooth structure at past null infinity which forms the future null cone at past timelike infinity with complete generators. The pure radiation problem is analysed where free initial data for Einstein's field equations are prescribed on the null cone at past time-like infinity. It is demonstrated how the pure radiation problem can be formulated as a local initial value problem for the symmetric hyperbolic system of reduced conformal vacuum field equations. Its solutions are uniquely determined by the free data.Work supported by a Heisenberg-fellowship of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 相似文献
974.
Roithová J Schröder D Schwarz H 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2005,11(2):628-638
The unimolecular fragmentations of singly and doubly protonated ortho-, meta-, and para-benzoquinones (BQH(+) and BQH(2)(2+), respectively) are studied by tandem mass spectrometry. The dominant fragmentation pathways lead to the elimination of a neutral CO molecule from BQH(+) and, by charge separation, to the expulsion of protonated CO from BQH(2)(2+). Reaction mechanisms are elucidated based on labeling experiments and UB3 LYP calculations. These results reveal that the respective reactions proceed in an analogous fashion to the decarbonylation of neutral benzoquinones, which decompose into carbon monoxide and cyclopentadienone. Single protonation facilitates all steps on the reaction pathway with neutral CO and O-protonated cyclopentadienone as final products. In contrast, double protonation leads to an increase of the barriers for the decomposition yielding CO.H(+) and O-protonated cyclopentadienone. This major process of BQH(2)(2+) is accompanied by two minor channels, which lead to the elimination of neutral carbon monoxide and water, respectively. The proton affinity of the para-BQH(+) monocation is estimated as 3.6+/-0.3 eV. 相似文献
975.
Marko D.?MihovilovicEmail author Helmut?Spreitzer 《Monatshefte für Chemie / Chemical Monthly》2005,136(7):1197-1203
Summary. A diastereoselective strategy for the synthesis of γ-pyrons was developed, starting from the Mg diacetonedicarboxylate complex. Initial cyclization with suitable anhydrides or acid chlorides, followed by hydrolytic decarboxylation leads to 2,6-disubstituted pyrans. Elevated pressure hydrogenation using Pd/C affords the title compounds in high diastereoselectivity. Scope and limitations of the method are outlined on selected examples. 相似文献
976.
Weberpals Helmut 《manuscripta mathematica》1984,49(1):9-26
We characterize the pairs (A,B) of small categories having the property thatA
op-limits andB-colimits commute inSets. A necessary condition on such pairs is thatB be filtered with respect to diagrams of typeA. This condition, however, is far from being sufficient. ForA a discrete category, products of typeA andB-colimits commute inSets iffB is filtered with respect to diagrams of typeA and, providedA is infinite, additionally with respect to diagrams of type ···. In particular,B-colimits commuting with denumerable products commute with equalizers, too. ForA a connected category,A
op-limits andB-colimits commute inSets iff the completion ofB under some set of connected limits is filtered with respect to diagrams of typeA. Since discrete limits and connected limits suffice, the characterization is complete.We apply our characterization to particular choices forA and conclude with a complete list of the regular classes of colimits in the sense of Gabriel and Ulmer. 相似文献
977.
Helmut Behrens Matthias Moll Werner Popp Hans-Jürgen Seibold Erich Sepp Peter Würstl 《Journal of organometallic chemistry》1980,192(3):389-398
The reactions of [R3O]BF4 or R3ECl (R = Me, Et; E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) with various olefincyanodicarbonyl ferrates(0) [olenFe(CO)2CN]?] (olen C4H6, C5H8, C6H8, C6H10, C7H10, C8H8, C8H14), which can be easily synthesized from olenFe(CO)3 and NaN(SiMe3)2, lead to the neutral isonitrile derivatives olenFe(CO)2CNR or olenFe(CO)2CNER3. The 31 new complexes are characterized by their analyses, IR and 1H NMR spectra. 相似文献
978.
Kinetic studies of the Cu2+-ethylenediamine catalysed decomposition of H2O2 show the initial rate v0 of H2O2 decomposition to be proportional to [H+]?1, [H2O2], and [Cu2+-en]2. Maximal velocity is found at a ratio of [Cu2+]tot:[en]tot = 1:1,5. It is suggested that the active complex has a binuclear structure. This structure and probable mechanisms of the reaction are discussed. The kinetic measurements of the Cu2+-diethylenetriamine-H2O2 system are difficult to interprete because of degradation of the ligand by H2O2. 相似文献
979.
980.
Nanocrystalline BaSnO3 with a primary particle size of 40–60 nm was prepared through hydrolysis of a barium tin isopropoxide and following crystallization.
The thermal decomposition, the crystallization and the microstructure of the obtained powders were investigated with the help
of TG-DTA, IR, XRD, HRSEM and HRTEM. The organic rest groups in the as-prepared powder decompose thermally at 350°C, which
is accompanied by the building of BaCO3 that disappear again at 600°C. The crystallization of BaSnO3 takes place at 500–600°C. Single-phase BaSnO3 powders have been obtained at a temperature as low as 600°C. The amorphous as-prepared powder shows a cluster structure.
Nucleation of BaSnO3 beginning at 350°C was observed under HRTEM, and the spherical nano-particles of BaSnO3 calcined at 760°C crystallize well and are strongly aggregated. The presented results indicate a heterogeneous nucleation
and growth mechanism by the formation of BaSnO3. 相似文献