Revealing Bell’s nonlocality for unstable systems in high energy physics

Entanglement and its consequences—in particular the violation of Bell inequalities, which defies our concepts of realism and locality—have been proven to play key roles in Nature by many experiments for various quantum systems. Entanglement can also be found in systems not consisting of ordinary matter and light, i.e. in massive meson–antimeson systems. Bell inequalities have been discussed for these systems, but up to date no direct experimental test to conclusively exclude local realism was found. This mainly stems from the fact that one only has access to a restricted class of observables and that these systems are also decaying. In this Letter we put forward a Bell inequality for unstable systems which can be tested at accelerator facilities with current technology. Herewith, the long awaited proof that such systems at different energy scales can reveal the sophisticated “dynamical” nonlocal feature of Nature in a direct experiment gets feasible. Moreover, the role of entanglement and CP\mathcal{CP} violation, an asymmetry between matter and antimatter, is explored, a special feature offered only by these meson–antimeson systems.     

Chemie der schweren carben-analogen R2M, M = Si, Ge, Sn : XVIII. Eine unerwartete Ge---C-Spaltung des als Dimethylgermylen-Speicher dienenden 7,7-Dimethyl-7-germanorbornadiens

During thermolysis of the 7-germanorbornadiene 1 in chlorobenzene at 70°C in the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid, besides the well-known formation of free germylene Me₂Ge and its consecutive product dimethylchlorogermane 2, the polar splitting of only one Ge---C bond in 1 has been observed for the first time. It does not yield Me₂Ge, but instead it rapidly forms the 1-germyl-1,4-dihydronaphthalene 3. The kinetics of this reaction at 53°C are of 2nd order, t_1/2 = 20 min, k = 0.22 l mol⁻¹ min⁻¹. At room temperature 3 is formed quantitatively. Also, at 70°C the slower formation of the germylene Me₂Ge from 1 can be suppressed completely if HCl gas is bubbled through the reaction mixture, thus favouring the rapid formation of 3. As a by-product the 1,2-dihydronaphthalene 5 is generated.     

Nondestructive characterization of nanoscale layered samples

Multilayered samples consisting of Al, Co and Ni nanolayers were produced by MBE and characterized nondestructively by means of SRXRF, μ-XRF, WDXRF, RBS, XRR, and destructively with SIMS. The main aims were to identify the elements, to determine their purity and their sequence, and also to examine the roughness, density, homogeneity and thickness of each layer. Most of these important properties could be determined by XRF methods, e.g., on commercial devices. For the thickness, it was found that all of the results obtained via XRR, RBS, SIMS and various XRF methods (SRXRF, μ-XRF, WDXRF) agreed with each other within the limits of uncertainty, and a constant deviation from the presets used in the MBE production method was observed. Some serious preliminary discrepancies in the results from the XRF methods were examined, but all deviations could be explained by introducing various corrections into the evaluation methods and/or redetermining some fundamental parameters.     

Can glandular hair density be a breeding marker for Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum with high essential oil content?

Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart is an essential oil rich plant traditionally used as oregano. Based on the interest of the essential oil producing sector, in 2000 we have started a breeding program of O. vulgare subsp. hirtum. Plant material for our breeding work consists of 6 progeny. Individual evaluation of the plant material was carried out in 2008-2009 with the primary aim of finding mother plants with appropriate morphological features, high essential oil content (> 7%) and with carvacrol as the main essential oil component. Among the survey of morphological characteristics special attention was given to glandular hair density in order to test the usability of it as a morphological marker for screening progeny for high essential oil content. The characteristics of the progeny can be described with high variability ensuring the possibility of a good selection base. Evaluating the morphology, essential oil content and constitution of the individuals, 20 plants were selected on the grounds of their high (7-8.6%) essential oil content, high ratio (70-93%) of carvacrol in the essential oil and typical morphological features of O. vulgare subsp. hirtum. From the results of glandular hair density it can be stated that the correlation between glandular hair density of the upper, middle and lower leaves either on vegetative or generative shoots and essential oil content was never strong enough (correlation coefficient < or = 0.5) to use it exclusively as a morphological marker for individual selection.     

Oscillation of nonlinear differential systems with retarded arguments

In this work we investigate some oscillatory properties of solutions of non-linear differential systems with retarded arguments. We consider the system of the form

Ein ungewöhnlicher trimerer Bimetallkomplex mit dem Gerüst [Zr3(μ2-OH)3(μ3-O)Li5] durch Reaktion von Zirconiumorgano- und -hydrido-Komplexen mit Wasser

An Unusual Trimeric Bimetallic Li? Zr Complex with the Backbone [Zr₃(μ₂-OH)₃(μ₃-O)Li₅] by Reaction of Zirconiumorgano and Hydrido Complexes with Water The reaction of compounds of the type [(LZr)(LiH)(L′)]_n and [(LZr)(LiH)(L′)(alkyne)]_n (L: 2,2′-Biphenolato-dianion, L′: thf, Bu₃P, alkyne: Ph? C?C? SiMe₃, CH?CH) with water at 0°C in a thf solution results in the formation of th trimeric bimetallic complex 8 [(L₂Zr)₃(μ₂-OH)₃(μ₃-O)Li₅(thf)₈(H₂O)₅] in 50% yield. The X-ray analysis of 8 shows that a planar six-membered ring Zr₃(μ₂-OH)₃ is formed. In the middle of this ring is a dianionic oxygen atom placed, coordinating to the three L₂Zr centres in a planar μ₃-coordination (bond angles 120,05μ). Five lithium ions stabilize the anionic backbone by bridging the biphenolato chelate ligands, which form seven-membered chelate rings with the atoms. ¹H-, ¹³C-, and ⁷Li-NMR spectra exhibit that the solid state structure remains unchanged in solution (thf).     

Influence of the trans Substituent on N2 Bonding in Iron(ii)–Phosphane Complexes: Structure,Synthesis, and Properties of the Monomeric Adducts trans-[FeXN2(depe)2]BPh4, X=Cl,Br

Not a dimer but a monomer was found in the X-ray structure analysis of the complex “trans-[{FeCl(depe)₂}₂(µ-N₂)](BPh₄)₂” (depe=Et₂PCH₂CH₂PEt₂). The complexes [FeXN₂(depe)₂]BPh₄ (X=Cl, Br; structure of the cation for X=Cl shown on the right) are much less stable than the analogous hydride compounds and undergo N₂ exchange at room temperature even in the solid state.     

Determination of molybdenum in plant reference material by thermal-ionization isotope-dilution mass spectrometry

Summary An analytical method is described for the determination of the concentration and the isotopic composition of molybdenum in plant samples using thermal ionization mass spectrometry. After microwave acid digestion and liquid-liquid extractive separation with Amberlite LA-2, the molybdenum isotopes are measured as MoO ₃ ^– -ions in a quadrupole mass spectrometer. In all cases, the relative standard deviation of the measurements of both natural and spike molybdenum was better than 3% for all ratios measured. The concentration of molybdenum found in three different plant reference materials agreed well with the certified values.     

Effective elasticity coefficients of native rocks and consolidated granular matter

The elastic coefficients of binary heterogeneous materials, such as several native rock materials or consolidated granular matter will be determined in terms of a perturbation expansion. Furthermore, in order to check the validity of the obtained results, these are compared with numerical investigations using Boole's model of randomly distributed spheres. Finally, we apply the results on several classes of native rocks and consolidated granular materials.