Trichothecene mycotoxins are sesquiterpenoid compounds primarily produced by fungi in taxonomical genera such as Fusarium, Myrothecium, Stachybotrys, Trichothecium, and others, under specific climatic conditions on a worldwide basis. Fusarium mold is a major plant pathogen and produces a number of trichothecene mycotoxins including deoxynivalenol (or vomitoxin), nivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, and T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin. Monogastrics are sensitive to vomitoxin, while poultry and ruminants appear to be less sensitive to some trichothecenes through microbial metabolism of trichothecenes in the gastrointestinal tract. Trichothecene mycotoxins occur worldwide however both total concentrations and the particular mix of toxins present vary with environmental conditions. Proper agricultural practices such as avoiding late harvests, removing overwintered stubble from fields, and avoiding a corn/wheat rotation that favors Fusarium growth in residue can reduce trichothecene contamination of grains. Due to the vague nature of toxic effects attributed to low concentrations of trichothecenes, a solid link between low level exposure and a specific trichothecene is difficult to establish. Multiple factors, such as nutrition, management, and environmental conditions impact animal health and need to be evaluated with the knowledge of the mycotoxin and concentrations known to cause adverse health effects. Future research evaluating the impact of low-level exposure on livestock may clarify the potential impact on immunity. Trichothecenes are rapidly excreted from animals, and residues in edible tissues, milk, or eggs are likely negligible. In chronic exposures to trichothecenes, once the contaminated feed is removed and exposure stopped, animals generally have an excellent prognosis for recovery. This review shows the occurrence of trichothecenes in food and feed in 2011–2020 and their toxic effects and provides a summary of the discussions on the potential public health concerns specifically related to trichothecenes residues in foods associated with the exposure of farm animals to mycotoxin-contaminated feeds and impact to human health. Moreover, the article discusses the methods of their detection. 相似文献
Here, we report on an electrochemical impedance study of silica of organic origin as an active electrode material. The electrode material obtained from carbonized marine biomass containing nanoporous diatoms has been characterised by means of XRD, IR, SEM and EIS. Different kinds of crystallographic phases of silica as a result of thermal treatment have been found. The electrode is electrochemically stable during subsequent cyclic voltammetry measurements taken in the potential range from 0.005 up to 3.0 V vs. Li/Li+. The material has been found to exhibit high charge capacitance of 521 mAh g−1 being cycled at a rate C/20 with capacity retention of about 97%. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy performed at an equilibrated potential E = 0.1 V in the temperature range 288–294 K discloses low charge transfer resistivity and low diffusional impedance.
The preliminary studies on thermal behavior of differently aged natural resins from Russia (Khatanga), Dominican Republic (El Valle), Colombia and Poland (Jantar) were performed. Thermal stability and behavior under elevated temperature were investigated by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), while the differences in the structure and composition by FT-IR spectroscopy. Analyzed resins show different thermal effects during heating suggesting that possible post-reactions and structural changes occurred. TG results indicated that Dominican, Russian and Colombian resins present relatively high thermal stability under air conditions in the range of 228–300 °C, whereas the mass loss of 5mass% at about 217 °C was observed for Baltic amber. During DSC experiments, the analyzed resins expose thermal events which make impossible determination of glass transition temperature in a raw sample. The results indicate that both TG and DSC cannot be considered as methods for age dating of natural resins and more advanced techniques should be applied. Careful analysis of FT-IR data in the carbonyl region may provide additional information about the composition and history of the natural resin.
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - The curing behaviour of the composition of a liquid-crystalline diepoxy monomer (LCEM) with the central triaromatic mesogenic group was studied using... 相似文献
N-Succinimidyl ester functionalized polypyrrole-coated polystyrene latex particles (PSE-PPyNSE) were prepared by the in situ copolymerization of pyrrole and the active ester-functionalized pyrrole (pyrrole-NSE) in the presence of polystyrene latex particles. Polystyrene microspheres were prepared by emulsion polymerization (PSE) leading to particles having a diameter of 450 nm. These PSE particles were precoated with poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) prior to the in situ copolymerization of pyrrole and pyrrole-NSE. The initial comonomer concentration fractions were 25/75, 50/50 and 75/25 for pyrrole and pyrrole-NSE, respectively. The PPy-coated PSE particles were characterized in terms of morphology, particle size, electrophoretic mobility and chemical composition. The study of morphology by means of scanning electron microscopy showed roughening of the underlying PSE particles owing to the addition of PPyNSE, the overlayer thickness of which was estimated to be around 7 nm. Moreover, loading PPyNSE overlayers resulted in a shift of the electrophoretic mobility from –5.31m cm/V s to a very small but positive value (0.082–0.112 m cm/V s). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and IR spectroscopy permitted the detection of pyrrole-NSE repeat units at the surface indicating that pyrrole and pyrrole-NSE did indeed copolymerize. The PSE-PPyNSE particles were further evaluated as bioadsorbents of human serum albumin used as a test protein. For this study, PSE-PPyNSE50 particles, synthesized from a comonomer feed ratio of 50/50 in pyrrole/pyrrole-NSE, were used and were shown to attach efficiently human serum albumin macromolecules with a maximum amount of 0.2 mg m–2.
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopic analysis of mixtures has been used extensively for a variety of applications ranging from the analysis of plant extracts, wine, and food to the evaluation of toxicity in animals. For example, NMR analysis of urine samples has been used extensively for biomarker discovery and, more simply, for the construction of classification models of toxicity, disease, and biochemical phenotype. However, NMR spectra of complex mixtures typically show unwanted local peak shifts caused by matrix and instrument variability, which must be compensated for prior to statistical analysis and interpretation of the data. One approach is to align the spectral peaks across the data set. An efficient and fast warping algorithm is required as the signals typically contain ca. 32,000-64,000 data points and there can be several thousand spectra in a data set. As demonstrated in our study, the iterative fuzzy warping algorithm fulfills these requirements and can be used on-line for an alignment of the NMR spectra. Correlation coefficients between the aligned and target spectra are used as the evaluation function for the algorithm, and its performance is compared with those of other published warping methods. 相似文献
Some 3-aryloxy-1,2-epoxypropanes, interesting as potential synthons in β-adrenergic receptor antagonists preparation, were obtained in excellent yields (65-96% within 2-17 min) by microwave activation (monomode system) using solid-liquid solvent-free phase transfer catalysis (PTC). The best results for the O-alkylation of some phenols with epichlorohydrin were obtained using TBAB and NaOH/K2CO3 (1:4 mol/mol) as phase transfer catalyst and more acceptable basic system, respectively. These new procedure is compared with classical methods. Significant specific microwave effect (non-purely thermal) was evidenced in all cases. They were discussed in terms of reaction medium and mechanism, taking into account the variations in polarity of the systems. 相似文献