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51.
Kornauth Wilh Bersch A. Philips Donner Dr. Louise H. Weller C. Schweitzer Ch. L. Penny Ed. van Melckebeke H. J. Wheeler B. Hartwell Knorr W. Büttner Barthé W. Jerwitz C. F. Parker Gust Christ Ferdinand Kryz J. Katz H. Göckel R. Jabota J. J. L. von Rijn F. Baum Joseph Nerking A. E. Taylor J. Gadamer C. Th. L. Hagemann C. A. Neufeld Christ. Kob und Co. 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》1902,41(11):686-695
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A Chain-like η5-Cp*Bi Compound with Bismuth elevenfold coordinated The reaction of (Cp*Al)4 with BiI3 in toluene at room temperature affords red crystals of the new compound (η5-CpAl)(η5-Cp*Bi)(μ-AlI4)(AlI4)2 · 2 C7H8. The solid state structure exhibits a chain-like arrangement of Cp*Bi units that are bridged by tetraiodoaluminate ions. These structural features are compared with some arene complexes of the heavy group 14 elements (tin, lead). 相似文献
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Evaluation of toluene LIF thermometry detection strategies applied in an internal combustion engine 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Brian Peterson Elias Baum Benjamin Böhm Volker Sick Andreas Dreizler 《Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics》2014,117(1):151-175
In the context of toluene laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) thermometry, the two common LIF detection strategies, namely one-color and two-color detection, have been simultaneously applied to compare each strategy’s ability to accurately resolve thermal gradients during an engine cycle within an optically accessible internal combustion (IC) engine. Temperature images are obtained from high-speed toluene LIF measurements and are combined with high-speed particle image velocimetry. The combination with flow data and Mie scattering images facilitates the interpretation of differences between the toluene LIF detection strategies. Two-color temperature images are limited in their ability to detect thermal gradients near the end of compression due to larger precision uncertainties. Local regions of cold gases in the two-color images are better identified with the guidance of the one-color images when homogeneous toluene mixtures preside. During expansion, large differences exist between one- and two-color temperature images and likely caused by local mixture fraction heterogeneities that bias the one-color detection strategy. Toluene condensation occurs during the expansion and exhaust stroke and causes local mixture fraction heterogeneities in the combustion chamber. Liquid toluene is in contact with solid surfaces and crevices of the combustion chamber and can evaporate during compression or expansion causing both local temperature and mixture stratification. This work demonstrates the advantage of high-speed imaging and use of multiple image diagnostics to reveal the development of natural temperature and mixture stratification in a motored IC engine. This work also suggests that natural temperature stratification typically regarded from gas-wall heat transfer may also be caused by liquid droplet evaporation on solid surfaces. Such phenomenon, however, is expected to be pertinent for all modern-day engine operating systems. 相似文献
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We use Brewster-angled chirped mirrors for dispersion compensation of a noncollinear optical parametric amplifier. This novel mirror design virtually eliminates spurious surface reflections and resultant dispersion ripple. The absence of compression artifacts is demonstrated by the generation of clean 5.6 fs pulses, with what is believed to be an unprecedented low ripple-induced satellite content for a nonadaptive scheme. In addition, the 270 THz spectral coverage allows generation of widely tunable visible pulses of 8 to 15 fs duration. 相似文献
57.
Yong-X. Hu David Winker Ping Yang Bryan Baum Lamont Poole Lelia Vann 《Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer》2001,70(4-6):569-579
A fast Monte Carlo simulation scheme is developed to assess the impact of multiple scattering on space-based lidar backscattering depolarization measurements. The specific application of our methodology is to determine cloud thermodynamic phase from satellite-based lidar depolarization measurements. Model results indicate that multiple scattering significantly depolarizes backscatter return from water clouds. Multiple scattering depolarization is less significant for non-spherical particles. There are sharp contrasts in the depolarization profile between a layer of spherical particles and a layer of non-spherical particles. Although it is not as obvious as ground-based lidar observations, it is likely that we can identify cloud phase not only for a uniform cloud layer, but also for overlapping cloud layers where one layer contains ice and the other water droplets. 相似文献
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The classification of restricted holonomy groups of \(n\) -dimensional Lorentzian manifolds was obtained about ten years ago. However, up to now, not much is known about the structure of the full holonomy group. In this paper we study the full holonomy group of Lorentzian manifolds with a parallel null line bundle. Based on the classification of the restricted holonomy groups of such manifolds, we prove several structure results about the full holonomy. We establish a construction method for manifolds with disconnected holonomy starting from a Riemannian manifold and a properly discontinuous group of isometries. This leads to a variety of examples, most of them being quotients of pp-waves with disconnected holonomy, including a non-flat Lorentzian manifold with infinitely generated holonomy group. Furthermore, we classify the full holonomy groups of solvable Lorentzian symmetric spaces and of Lorentzian manifolds with a parallel null spinor. Finally, we construct examples of globally hyperbolic manifolds with complete spacelike Cauchy hypersurfaces, disconnected full holonomy and a parallel spinor. 相似文献
59.
We analyze spatial MAP/G/∞-, spatial MAP/G/c/01 and spatial Cox/G/∞-stations with group arrivals over some Polish space X (with Borel σ-algebra X), including the aspect of customer motion in space. For models with MAP-input, characteristic differential equations are set up that describe the dynamics of phase dependent random functions Q r;ij (u,t;S′), where Q r;ij (u,t;S′) is the probability to observe, at time u≤t, the number r of those customers in some source set S′∈X, who will be in a destination set S∈X at time t. For Cox/G/∞-stations, i.e., infinite server stations with doubly stochastic input, the arrival intensities as well as service times may depend on some general stochastic process (J′ t ) t≥0 with countable state space. For that case we obtain explicit expressions for space–time distributions as well as stationary and non-stationary characteristics. 相似文献
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