The synthesis of (+)- and (−)-1-benzoyl-1,2,2a,3,4,5-hexahydrobenz[cd]indol-4-amine, and preparation of LY228729.

Racemic epoxide5 was reacted with S-Phenylethylamine to afford diastereomers6 and7, from which amino alcohol6 could be isolated directly. Aziridine formation and tandem-hydrogenolysis provided optically pure primary amine2 (31% from racemic4), which was further elaborated to LY228729 (15), an interesting 5HT_1a receptor agonist.     

Orthogonal latin square graphs

An orthogonal latin square graph (OLSG) is one in which the vertices are latin squares of the same order and on the same symbols, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the latin squares are orthogonal. If G is an arbitrary finite graph, we say that G is realizable as an OLSG if there is an OLSG isomorphic to G. The spectrum of G [Spec(G)] is defined as the set of all integers n that there is a realization of G by latin squares of order n. The two basic theorems proved here are (1) every graph is realizable and (2) for any graph G, Spec G contains all but a finite set of integers. A number of examples are given that point to a number of wide open questions. An example of such a question is how to classify the graphs for which a given n lies in the spectrum.     

Generation of spirodienones related to gilmicolin and mycorrhizin A

Treatment of 2,2-dimethyl-3-iodochroman-5-ols (6) and (7) with KOH supported on Al₂O₃ gives acid-sensitive spirodienones (8) and (9); the possible biosynthetic significance of this model reaction is considered.     

The di-t-butylsilylene protecting group for diols

Di-$\text{t}$-butyldichlorosilane reacts with diols to yield the corresponding di-$\text{t}$-butylsilylene derivatives. This useful protecting group is readily removed by treatment with pyridinium hydrofluoride.     

Photochemische Cycloadditionen von 3-Phenyl-2H-azirinen mit Ketonen,Acylcyaniden und Ketoestern. 33. Mitteilung über Photoreaktionen

Similarly to aldehydes [6] ketones form 3-oxazolines via cyclo-addition to the benzonitrile-methylides 2 that arise photochemically from the 3-phenyl-2H-azirines 1 . With various ketones benzonitrile-isopropylide ( 2a ) gives cyclo-addition products in very good preparative yields (scheme 1). Benzonitrile-ethylide ( 2c ) and benzonitrile-benzylide ( 2b ) [8] react, however, sluggishly with ketones, smooth cyclo-addition being observed in their case only with «activated» ketones (2,2,2-trifluoro-acetophenone, 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanone). With 1a acetonyl-acetone forms the bis-adduct 12 While the azirine 1a reacts with cyclohexanone to yield essentially only the spiro-(3-oxazoline) 13 , it gives with cyclopentanone, depending on the reaction conditions, either the spiro-(3-oxazoline) 14 or the butenyl-3-oxazoline 15 (scheme 3). The formation of 15 has to be preceded by the photochemical formation of 4-pentenal from the ketone. Norcamphor and camphor react in a similar way (schemes 4 and 5). The azirines 1a–c react smoothly with the keto groups in acylcyanides and α-keto-esters, giving with the former 5-cyano-3-oxazolines and with the latter 5-ethoxycarbonyl-3-oxazolines (schemes 6 and 7). β-Keto-esters (acetoacetic ester) form with the dipole arising from 1a the expected addition product 31 and, via the protonated dipole d (scheme 8), finally the benzylidene-acetoacetic ester. Analogous results are obtained with malonodinitrile, trifluoro-acetamide and other weak acids such as alcohols [29] [30] (scheme 9). The light-induced rearrangement of the bicyclic isoxazoline 37 into the oxazoline 38 is visualized as an intramolecular cyclo-addition reaction (scheme 10). The cyclo-addition in this case proceeds with the aldehyde group inversed as compared to the related intermolecular benzonitrile–methylide addition to aldehydes.     

Correlation inequalities and the mass gap inP(φ)2

For theP()₂ field theory, we prove that the falloff of the (vacuum subtracted) two point Schwinger function dominates the higher order (vacuum subtracted) Schwinger functions. As applications, we prove that for even polynomials, the first excited state is odd, and that when there is a one particle state in the infinite volume limit, it is coupled to the vacuum by a single power of the field. The main inputs are the theory of Markov fields and the F.K.G. inequalities.     

Preliminary evaluation of selected acoustic and glottographic measures for clinical phonatory function analysis

Acoustic and glottographic measures may provide important information that could enhance clinical management and documentation of vocal dysfunction. Acoustic measures such as jitter and shimmer reflect “short-term” perturbations, or instabilities of the voice, and the coefficients of variation for frequency and for amplitude reflect “long-term” perturbations. Interpretations of these acoustic measures are based on the assumption that vocal perturbations may be related to laryngeal tissue abnormalities, asymmetries in vocal fold movement, or neuromuscular fluctuations in the respiratory, laryngeal, or vocal tract systems. The abduction quotient is a glottographic measure related to laryngeal adduction and is obtained from an analysis of the electroglottograph signal. The adduction measure appears to be independent of the acoustic perturbation measures. Interpretations of the acoustic and adductory measures may, therefore, complement each other for greater understanding of a patient's laryngeal behavior. Visual displays of the acoustic and glottographic signals also are discussed to demonstrate their value in voice signal interpretations. Case studies illustrate potential interpretations of the acoustic perturbation and abduction quotient measures.     

Highly Streoselective synthesis of bicyclo[2.1.1]hexenes-5-d ny transmetallation of a tetra-alkyl tin.

Synthesis of the title compounds is achieved by a transmetallation reaction that appears to involve regio- and stereochemical control by chelation with a neighboring hydroxyl function.