Sonogashira coupling using PdEnCat™: a copper‐, phosphine‐, amine‐ and microwave‐free alternative to the preparation of arylalkynes

Sonogashira coupling of iodo‐ and bromoarenes and acetylenes using PdEnCat™ 30 in a phosphine‐, copper‐, amine‐, and microwave‐free system was developed, which allows for the preparation of a modulator of glutamate receptor mGluR5. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

麻省理工学院开放性数学课程资源的有效利用

美国麻省理工学院(MIT)在全美工科院校排名中连续多年位居第一,其基础学科数学系的课程设置独具风格.本文将简要介绍MIT开放性课程官方网站上目前提供的58门次本科数学课程以及它们之间的依赖关系,提出有效利用这些课程资源的几点建议,以便教师、学生和自学者在使用中参考.     

Elemental composition of freshwater sponges Drulia uruguayensis and Drulia cristata collected in the Tapajós River

Sponges are aquatic, predominantly marine animals, but are also represented by several families that inhabit freshwater environments. All freshwater sponges are included in the Demospongiae class and so have skeletons composed of silicious spicules. Because they are filter feeders, they have high potential for bioaccumulation of metals, with various implications and applications in environmental chemistry. This study describes the inorganic chemical composition of two Amazonian species of freshwater sponges: Drulla cristata and Drulla uruguayensis, using energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence. In both species, the major constituent was silicon (36.75% and 36.05%, respectively), followed by aluminum. Elements such as sulfur, chlorine, copper, and titanium were selectively accumulated and were detected only in the species D. cristata, suggesting its use in environmental characterization studies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Integral transforms for three-dimensional steady turbulent dispersion in rivers and channels

A three-dimensional steady-state mathematical model is considered for predicting the fate of dissolved contaminants in rivers and channels under turbulent flow conditions. The model allows for variable velocity fields and non-uniform turbulent diffusivities within channels of rectangular cross sections. Making use of the Generalized Integral Transform Technique (GITT), a hybrid numerical–analytical solution for the concentration fields is then obtained. The solution convergence behavior is investigated and the criterion for reordering the terms in the infinite series is discussed, with the aim of reducing the computational effort associated with the multiple eigenfunction expansions. A test case is presented to illustrate the proposed approach.     

Thermogravimetric study of aerobic biodegradation of sanitary sewage sludge and lubricating oil

The present study describes the aerobic biodegradation process of a mixture of sanitary sewage sludge and lubricating oil. TG/DTG curves confirmed that the applied aerobic biological treatment decreased the organic material content and caused significant modifications in the thermal behavior of the studied substrates after the functioning period.     

Protein, Oil, and Isoflavone Contents in Lipoxygenase- and Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor-Deficient Soybean Seeds

Two traditional soybean cultivars, CAC-1 and Garimpo, two backcrossed-derived isolines lacking lipoxygenase (LOX^?KTI⁺), and two backcrossed-derived isolines lacking lipoxygenase and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (LOX^?KTI^?) in the seeds were grown in São Gotardo and Paracatu, Brazil, and their protein, oil, and isoflavone contents were assessed. The loss of LOX or the combined loss of LOX and KTI brought about no significant changes in seed oil content. Significant decreases in seed protein content were observed in isolines of the CAC-1 genetic background, but not in isolines of the Garimpo background. Total isoflavone contents in LOX^?KTI⁺ and LOX^?KTI^? isolines were higher than those in the normal parental cultivars. Genetic eliminations also changed isoflavone composition. These results suggest that the genetic removal LOX and KTI may be an efficient approach to improve nutritional and nutraceutical values of soybean seeds, however, performances of null lines should be evaluated for undesirable modifications in seed composition.     

On the correlation between microstructure and magnetic losses in electrical steel

The magnetic properties of electrical steel such as magnetization curves, magnetization behavior and specific magnetic losses are related to the microstructure and the texture of the steel. A quantitative model, which describes the effect of microstructure and texture and their interplay on the magnetic losses P, is still missing. Based on experimental data for nonoriented electrical steels and FeSi-samples with high (Si, Al)-content, a more general formula is proposed for the dependence of P, at a given value of magnetic induction B, as a function of the mean value of the grain size d of the material and of the intensities of the relevant magnetic texture components.     

熔融玻璃片-波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定铁矿石中全铁及其它多种元素的分析进展

综述了近年来国内应用熔融玻璃片–波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定铁矿石中全铁及其它成分这一分析技术的研究和进展,重点对标样的选择与制备、熔剂组成对制样效果的影响、氧化剂和脱模剂的选择、烧失量的影响进行了总结。并对熔融玻璃片—波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定铁矿石中全铁及其它元素的发展方向提出了建议和展望。     

A Potential New Source of Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis: The Essential Oil of Rhaphiodon echinus

Weeds are an important source of natural products; with promising biological activity. This study investigated the anti-kinetoplastida potential (in vitro) to evaluate the cytotoxicity (in vitro) and antioxidant capacity of the essential oil of Rhaphiodon echinus (EORe), which is an infesting plant species. The essential oil was analyzed by GC/MS. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by reduction of the DPPH radical and Fe³⁺ ion. The clone Trypanosoma cruzi CL-B5 was used to search for anti-epimastigote activity. Antileishmanial activity was determined using promastigotes of Leishmania braziliensis (MHOM/CW/88/UA301). NCTC 929 fibroblasts were used for the cytotoxicity test. The results showed that the main constituent of the essential oil was γ-elemene. No relevant effect was observed concerning the ability to reduce the DPPH radical; only at the concentration of 480 μg/mL did the essential oil demonstrate a high reduction of Fe³⁺ power. The oil was active against L. brasiliensis promastigotes; but not against the epimastigote form of T. cruzi. Cytotoxicity for mammalian cells was low at the active concentration capable of killing more than 70% of promastigote forms. The results revealed that the essential oil of R. echinus showed activity against L. brasiliensis; positioning itself as a promising agent for antileishmanial therapies.     

Ni(Ⅱ)-EDTA配合物与DNA相互作用机制的光谱学研究

应用光谱学方法以吖啶橙(AO)作探针研究了Ni(Ⅱ)-EDTA与DNA的作用机制.研究表明,Ni(Ⅱ)与EDTA形成配离子的摩尔结合比nNi(Ⅱ)∶nEDTA=1∶1,配合物Ni(Ⅱ)-EDTA与DNA的摩尔结合比为nNi(Ⅱ)-EDTA∶nDNA=2∶1,其结合常数K■B25℃=2.77×105 L.mol-1,K■B37℃=2.01×105 L.mol-1.该过程为熵和焓共同驱动,其ΔrS■m=171.39J.(mol.K)-1,ΔrH■m=-2.05×104 J.mol-1,25℃时ΔrG■m=-3.06×104 J.mol-1.Scatchard法和探针法等均表明Ni(Ⅱ)-EDTA与DNA之间的结合方式以沟区作用为主.