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151.
Creating scientifically literate students is a common goal among educational stakeholders. An understanding of nature of science is an important component of scientific literacy in K‐12 science education. Q methodology was used to investigate the opinions of preservice and in‐service teachers on how they intend to teach or currently teach science. Q methodology is a measurement tool designed to capture personal beliefs. Participants included 40 preservice and in‐service elementary and secondary science teachers who sorted 40 self‐referential statements regarding science instruction. The results identified three epistemologies toward teaching science: A Changing World, My Beliefs, and Tried and True. Participants with the A Changing World epistemology believe evidence is reliable, scientific knowledge is generated in multiple ways, and science changes in light of new evidence. The My Beliefs epistemology reflects that scientific knowledge is subject to change due to embedded bias, science is affected by culture and religion, and evolution should not be taught in the classroom. The Tried and True epistemology views a scientific method as an exact method to prove science, believes experiments are crucial for scientific discoveries, absolute truth exists in scientific knowledge, and society and cultural factors can be eliminated from investigations. Implications for preservice teacher education programs and in‐service teacher professional development are addressed. 相似文献
152.
Time propagation of zero-order states of an effective spectroscopic Hamiltonian is tested against femtosecond time dependent dynamics of adiabatic wavepackets evolving on a model potential energy surface for two coupled modes of the radical HO(2) with multiple potential wells and above barrier motion. A generalized Hamiltonian which breaks the usual conserved polyad action by including extra resonance couplings (V(2:1) and V(3:1)) successfully describes the time evolution after the further addition of two "ultrafast" couplings. These new couplings are a nonresonant coupling a(1)a(2)+a(1)(?)a(2)(?) and a resonant coupling V(1:1) that functions as an ultrafast term because the system is far from 1:1 frequency resonance. 相似文献
153.
Kersten H Derpmann V Barnes I Brockmann KJ O'Brien R Benter T 《Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry》2011,22(11):2070-2081
We report on the development of a novel atmospheric pressure photoionization setup and its applicability for in situ degradation
product studies of atmospherically relevant compounds. A custom miniature spark discharge lamp was embedded into an ion transfer
capillary, which separates the atmospheric pressure from the low pressure region in the first differential pumping stage of
a conventional atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer. The lamp operates with a continuous argon flow and produces
intense light emissions in the VUV. The custom lamp is operated windowless and efficiently illuminates the sample flow through
the transfer capillary on an area smaller than 1 mm2. Limits of detection in the lower ppbV range, a temporal resolution of milliseconds in the positive as well as the quasi
simultaneously operating negative ion mode, and a significant reduction of ion transformation processes render this system
applicable to real time studies of rapidly changing chemical systems. The method termed capillary atmospheric pressure photo
ionization (cAPPI) is characterized with respect to the lamp emission properties as a function of the operating conditions,
temporal response, and its applicability for in situ degradation product studies of atmospherically relevant compounds, respectively. 相似文献
154.
Chudomel JM Yang B Barnes MD Achermann M Mague JT Lahti PM 《The journal of physical chemistry. A》2011,115(30):8361-8368
9-(N,N-Dianisylamino)anthracene (9DAAA), 9-(N,N-dianisylamino)dinaphth([1,2-a:2'-1'-j]-anthracene (9DAAH), and 9,10-bis(N,N-dianisylamino)anthracene (910BAA) were synthesized as highly twisted triarylamines with potential for photoexcited internal charge transfer. Crystallography of 9DAAA shows its dianisylamino group to be twisted nearly perpendicular to its anthracene unit, similar to a report for 910BAA. The solution fluorescence spectra show strong bathochromic shifts for each of the three molecular systems with strongly decreased quantum efficiency in higher polarity solvents. Solution-phase (ensemble) time-resolved photoluminescence measurements show up to 4-fold decreases in fluorescence lifetime in acetonitrile compared to hexane. The combined results are consistent with photoinduced, transient intramolecular charge-transfer from the bis-anisylamine unit to the polycyclic aromatic unit. Computational modeling is in accord with intramolecular transfer of electron density from the bis-anisylamino unit to the anthracene, based on in comparisons of HOMO and LUMO. 相似文献
155.
Barnes SS Vogels CM Decken A Westcott SA 《Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)》2011,40(17):4707-4714
Addition of boranes to N-aryl-salicylaldimines takes place initially at the reactive phenolic O-H bond to give an activated boron-containing imine and dihydrogen. In some cases a subsequent intramolecular hydrogenation step is observed and the C=N imine bond is reduced to the corresponding amine. Reactions with dimesitylborane in THF are unique in that the reduced amine product is the major product observed in solution. 相似文献
156.
Interactions between porous silicon (pSi) particles and probe molecules were evaluated to determine the effect of pSi and probe molecule chemistry on adsorption. Methylene blue, ethyl violet and orange G dyes were chosen for investigation as they possess distinct functionalities and charges. Several distinct pSi surface species were produced via thermal oxidation at 200-800 °C and their effect on adsorption investigated. The adsorption mechanisms were elucidated from equilibrium adsorption and desorption isotherms. Methylene blue adsorption was attributed to electrostatic attraction where a gradual increase in adsorption with oxidation temperature was observed. Significant methylene blue desorption was observed at pH 3, confirming adsorption occurs via electrostatic attraction. Ethyl violet demonstrated an increase in plateau adsorption capacity and affinity with increased oxidation temperatures and adsorption was initially attributed to electrostatic attraction, however desorption of ethyl violet was not observed, thus indicating potential chemisorption. Orange G exhibited high affinity adsorption for Si(y)SiH(x) terminated surfaces but no orange G desorption was detected, indicating a chemisorption adsorption mechanism. It has been successfully demonstrated that the surface modification of pSi enabled the manipulation of molecular interactions. By interacting probe molecules with similar functionalities to drug molecule with pSi, greater understanding of drug-pSi interactions can be ascertained which are of great importance. pSi surface chemistry can be tailored to enable control over molecular interactions and ultimately dictate loading, encapsulation and release behavior. 相似文献
157.
Dr. Antonio A. Ceacero‐Vega Dr. Bernabé Ballesteros Dr. Iustinian Bejan Dr. Ian Barnes Prof. José Albaladejo 《Chemphyschem》2011,12(11):2145-2154
Relative rate coefficients for the gas‐phase reaction of chlorine atoms (Cl) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) with 1,8‐cineole were determined by Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy between 285 and 313 K at atmospheric pressure. The temperature dependence of both reactions shows simple Arrhenius behaviour which can be represented by the following expressions (in units of cm3 molecule?1s?1): k(1,8‐cineole+OH)=(6.28±6.53)×10?8exp[(?2549.3±155.7)/T] and k(1,8‐cineole+Cl)=(1.35±1.07)×10?10exp[(?151.6±237.7)/T]. Major products of the titled reactions were identified by solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to a GC‐MS. Additionally, the first step of the reaction was theoretically studied by ab initio calculations and a reaction mechanism is proposed. 相似文献
158.
Farhad Haghjoo Nick Barnes Robin Pritchard 《Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Structural Chemistry》2011,67(7):o219-o221
In the crystal structure of the title compound, 2C22H24P+·I82−, the I82− anion is located on a crystallographic inversion centre and consists of two tri‐iodide anions linked by di‐iodine at angles of 89.92 (4)° to form a planar `Z'‐shaped dianion. The octaiodides are linked via long‐range interactions [3.877 (11) Å] into infinite polyiodide ribbons. This is the first example of a structure containing an [(o‐tolyl)3PMe]+ cation, and the CMe—P—C—CMe torsion angles of −54.0 (11), −51.3 (11) and −48.2 (11)° indicate that the configuration is exo3. 相似文献
159.
A. Saifer M. Kornblum S. P. Worden I. B. Rushing I. P. Barnes A. P. Surer M. Farren Greta Hammarsten B. Melichar L. Vsetecka S. A. Poworinskaja Raimonde Duval J. M. Le Goff E. Justin-Mueller G. Haslewood E. King A. T. Cameron J. S. Guthrie F. D. White Th. Findley Regine Kapeller-Adler N. P. Meschkowa Rangier Lafrançaise P. A. Clifford H. J. Wichmann F. Timm E. Komm F. Kiermeier und A. Douglas-Sauermann 《Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry》1938,115(7-8):296-300
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
160.
We consider information-theoretic bounds on the expected generalization error for statistical learning problems in a network setting. In this setting, there are K nodes, each with its own independent dataset, and the models from the K nodes have to be aggregated into a final centralized model. We consider both simple averaging of the models as well as more complicated multi-round algorithms. We give upper bounds on the expected generalization error for a variety of problems, such as those with Bregman divergence or Lipschitz continuous losses, that demonstrate an improved dependence of on the number of nodes. These “per node” bounds are in terms of the mutual information between the training dataset and the trained weights at each node and are therefore useful in describing the generalization properties inherent to having communication or privacy constraints at each node. 相似文献