Photoproduction of ϱ0 and ω on hydrogen at photon energies of 20 to 70 GeV

We present results on photoproduction of ?⁰ and ω in the reactions γp→π⁺π^?p and γp→π⁺π^?π⁰p by tagged photons in the energy ranges 20 to 70 GeV and 20 to 45 GeV, respectively. The production of the ?⁰ shows dominantly the characteristics of a diffractive process with respect to the E_γ and t dependence of the cross section and the spin density matrix. The ?⁰ photoproduction yields on average over the photon energy range a total cross section of σ(γp→?⁰p) = 9.4±0.1 μb with an additional systematic error of ±1 μb, and average slope parameters of the t distribution dσ/dt≈exp(?b|t| + ct²), of b=9.1±0.1 GeV^?2 and c = 3.1 ±±0.2 GeV^?4. The shape of the ?⁰ peak in the π⁺π^? invariant spectra shows a skewing similar to that observed at lower energies. The photoproduction of ω is also consistent with a diffractive process and has a cross section of σ(γp→ωp) = 1.2± 0.1 μb with an additional systematic error of ±0.2 μb. The average slope parameters of the t distribution are b=8.3 ± 1.3 GeV^?2 and c = 3.4±2.6 GeV^?4.     

A numerical method for detecting singular minimizers

Summary A numerical method for computing minimizers in one-dimensional problems of the calculus of variations is described. Such minimizers may have unbounded derivatives, even when the integrand is smooth and regular. In such cases, because of the Lavrentiev phenomenon, standard finite element methods may fail to converge to a minimizer. The scheme proposed is shown to converge to an absolute minimizer and is tested on an example. The effect of quadrature is analyzed. The implications for higher-dimensional problems, and in particular for fracture in nonlinear elasticity, are discussed.     

Study of the germanium isotopes with the (p,t) reaction

The levels of ^{70, 71, 72, 74}Ge have been investigated with the (p, t) reaction at 20 MeV. Strong transitions to the ground state and to the 2₁⁺ and 3₁^? collective levels were observed for all even isotopes. A comparison of the experimental angular distributions with those calculated assuming a closed ⁷⁰Ge core indicates that only ≈ 15% of the observed ground state L = 0 transition strength comes from $\text{(1}\text{g}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>9</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^2\text{and}\text{(2}\text{p}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{)}{}^2$ pick up. The excitation energies and L-transfers obtained in the present work are found to be in generally good agreement with previous data.     

Some new aspects in air pollutants analysis of hydrocarbons by automatic gas-chromatography

Summary Ambient measurement of hydrocarbons is gaining in importance. The value of a total measurement of hydrocarbons, as it is usually performed, is slight since the characteristics of organic compounds are different. Total measurement of hydrocarbons can only be of interest in less polluted regions, provided that the harmless methane which occurs in relatively high concentrations in nature is not to be included in the measurement. In toxicological evaluation of air the concentrations of particular components (e.g. ethylene, toluene, acetylene, propylene, butadiene, vinylchloride, benzene or xylene) are of interest and the concentrations of these components can lie at a few g/m³, i.e. in the ppb-range. These values can only be measured with a selective equipment. An automatic analyzer combined with a concentrating unit, which fully satisfies the requirements of selective measurement of hydrocarbons in air in the ppb-range, and as an example of the application of this equipment, the measurement of C₁-C₆ hydrocarbons (paraffins, olefins) and aromatics (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) are described. Complete measuring setups within automatic measuring stations are projected.

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Einige neue Aspekte bei der Analyse von Kohlenwasserstoffverunreinigungen in Luft mit Hilfe automatischer Gas-Chromatographie

Zusammenfassung Immissionsmessungen von Kohlenwasserstoffspuren gewinnen immer mehr an Bedeutung. Die Messung der Kohlenwasserstoffe als Summe, wie gewöhnlich durchgeführt, ist ungenügend, da organische Verbindungen unterschiedliche Wirkungscharakteristik aufweisen. Sie kann daher nur in Gebieten mit kleinen Kohlenwasserstoffverunreinigungen sinnvoll sein, vorausgesetzt, daß das ungefährliche Methan, welches überall in der Natur vorkommt, von der Messung ausgeschlossen wird. Bei der toxikologischen Bewertung der Luft interessieren die Konzentrationen bestimmter Komponenten wie Äthylen, Acetylen, Propylen, Butadien, Vinylchlorid, Benzol, Toluol oder Xylole. Die Konzentrationen dieser Komponenten können bei wenigen g/m³, d. h. im ppb-Bereich, liegen. Diese Werte können nur mit einer selektiven Meßeinrichtung erfaßt werden. Ein automatischer Gas-Chromatograph mit Speichersäule, der die Forderung der selektiven Messung von Kohlenwasserstoffen in Luft im ppb-Bereich erfüllt, wird beschrieben. Als Applikationsbeispiel dieser Meßeinrichtung wird die Messung von C₂-C₆-Kohlenwasserstoffen (Paraffine, Olefine) und Aromaten (Benzol, Toluol, Äthylbenzol, Xylol) erwähnt. Der Einsatz dieses Gerätes in automatischen Luftmeßstationen wird derzeit projektiert.

Presented at the 6th Chemical Symposium on Recent Advances in the Analytical Chemistry of Pollutants, April 21–23, 1976; Vienna, Austria.     

New conjunctive reagents as cross-coupling partners en route to retinoid-like polyenes

[structure: see text] New conjunctive reagents E-2 and Z-3 can be used, after transmetalation, in Negishi couplings with vinyl and aryl iodides. The subsequently unmasked terminal alkynes can be further manipulated to arrive at retinoid-like products.     

Optimal Hankel norm model reductions and Wiener-Hopf factorization II: The non-canonical case

We consider the problem of approximating a given stable rational matrix function G(s) of McMillan degree n by a function (s)+F(s), where has McMillan degree -norm of the error G––F_L, or equivalently the minimum possible Hankel norm of the stable part of the error G–_H, is equal to the (+1)-st Hankel singular value ₊₁(G(s)) of G. We give an explicit linear fractional map parametrization for the class of all functions (s)+F(s) as above which satisfy G––F_L=₊₁(G(s)). The coefficients of the linear fractional map are completely determined by the matrices A, B and C in a realization G(s)=C(sI–A)^–1B for G(s) and the unique solutions of a pair of Lyapunov equations involving these matrices. (Note that without loss of generality G()=0.) The basic idea is to use the approach of Ball and Helton to reduce the problem to a symmetric Wiener-Hopf factorization problem, which in turn can be solved by applying a result of Kaashoek and Ran. The results obtained here are equivalent to the results of Glover, but our analysis gives an alternative more geometric approach.The first author was partially supported by a grant from the National Science FoundationThe second author was partially supported by a grant from the Niels Stensen Stichting at Amsterdam     

Cyclic diamines as potential high energy materials. Thermochemical properties of diaziridine, 1,2-diazetidine, and 1,3-diazetidine

As part of a series of investigations into unusual molecules of potential application to high-energy materials, we performed a series of calculations to determine the optimized structures, vibrational frequencies, and fundamental thermodynamic properties of three saturated cyclic molecules that have two nitrogen atoms: diaziridine 1,2-diazetidine and 1,3-diazetidine G2, G3, and two complete basis set methods were used.