Production of nonisothermal electrons and Langmuir waves because of colliding ion holes and trapping of plasmons in an ion hole

We present new simulation studies exhibiting production of nonisothermal electron distributions and Langmuir waves by colliding ion holes and trapping of plasmons in an ion hole. We find that, during head-on ion hole collisions, streams of accelerated electrons are produced by the electrostatic potentials supporting the ion holes. Subsequently, Langmuir waves are excited by a two-stream instability involving energetic electron beams. The resulting Langmuir waves can be trapped in an ion hole. The present ion-hole-Langmuir wave interactions are unique kinetic phenomena which can be dealt with a Vlasov code, which we developed recently. The results can have relevance to the understanding of particle and field data that are forthcoming from different spacecraft missions in Earth's auroral ionosphere and the magnetosphere.     

Localization of intense electromagnetic waves in a relativistically hot plasma

We consider nonlinear interactions between intense short electromagnetic waves (EMWs) and a relativistically hot electron plasma that supports relativistic electron holes (REHs). It is shown that such EMW-REH interactions are governed by a coupled nonlinear system of equations composed of a nonlinear Schro dinger equation describing the dynamics of the EMWs and the Poisson-relativistic Vlasov system describing the dynamics of driven REHs. The present nonlinear system of equations admits both a linearly trapped discrete number of eigenmodes of the EMWs in a quasistationary REH and a modification of the REH by large-amplitude trapped EMWs. Computer simulations of the relativistic Vlasov and Maxwell-Poisson system of equations show complex interactions between REHs loaded with localized EMWs.     

Studies on annelation of (+)-2-caranone

Summary The Michael reaction of (+)-2-caranone (1) with methyl vinyl ketone, ethyl vinyl ketone or methyl acrylate was utilized for synthesis of corresponding diketones4 and5 and keto ester8. These compounds were subjected to cyclization to obtain the sesquiterpenoid systems.

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Untersuchungen über die Annelierung von (+)-2-Karanon

Zusammenfassung Die Michaelreaktion von (+)-2-Karanon mit Methylvinylketon, Ethylvinylketon oder Methylakrylat wurde zur Synthese der entsprechenden Diketone4 und5 und des Ketoesters8 genutzt. Diese Verbindungen wurden weiterhin einer Zyklisierung unterworfen, um zu Sesquiterpenoidstrukturen zu gelangen.

     

低温等离子体技术在催化剂领域的应用

低温等离子体技术在化学生产中的用途越来越广泛，它在催化剂领域的应用主要表现在以下几个方面：超细颗粒催化剂合成，催化剂再生，催化剂表面处理，活性组分沉淀到基体以及低温等离子体系统中添加催化剂。经过低温等离子体制备或处理过的催化剂，其催化活性有显著提高。在等离子体反应系统中加入适当的催化剂，可以降低等离子体击穿电压，减少能量消耗，提高反应活性。     

Localized plasmons in quantum plasmas

We consider the nonlinear interactions between finite amplitude electron and ion plasma oscillations in a fermionic quantum plasma. Accounting for the quantum statistical electron pressure and the quantum Bohm potential, we derive a set of coupled nonlinear equations that govern the dynamics of modulated electron plasma oscillations (EPOs) in the presence of the nonlinear ion oscillations (NLIOs). We numerically study stationary solutions of our coupled nonlinear equations. We find that the quantum parameter H (equal to the ratio between the plasmonic and electron Fermi energy densities) introduces new features to the electron density and electric potential humps of localized NLIOs in the absence of EPOs. Furthermore, the nonlinear coupling between the EPOs and NLIOs gives rise to a new class of envelope solitons composed of bell shaped electric field envelope of the EPOs, which are trapped in the electron density hole (and an associated negative oscillatory electric potential) that is produced by the ponderomotive force of the EPOs. The knowledge of the localized plasmonic structures is of immense value for interpreting experimental observations in dense quantum plasmas.     

用无声放电转化甲烷和二氧化碳同时制备合成气与烃

在低温常压条件下,研究了在无声放电反应器中以A型分子筛为催化剂从甲烷和二氧化碳合成烃和合成气,实现了在无声放电反应器中同时合成烃和合成气。实验在原料气流量200－600ml/min、原料气甲烷和二氧化碳摩尔比1／1－3／1及输入功率100－500W的范围内进行。研究结果表明,低原料气流量有利于甲烷和二氧化碳的转化,而高原料气流量有利于烃的生成;原料气甲烷和二氧化碳摩尔比对制得合成气的H2／CO摩尔比的影响最显著;甲烷和二氧化碳转化率及合成气和烃的产率均随输入功率的增加而提高。而所研究的范围内,当原料气流理为200ml/min、甲烷和二氧化碳摩尔比为1／1、输入功率为500S时,甲烷和二氧化碳转化率达到最高值,分别为64％和39％。以此法制备的合成气的H2／CO摩尔可以在很宽的范围内变化,本研究合成气H2／CO摩尔比的变化范围是0.7-3.1。     

UV excimer radiation from dielectric-barrier discharges

Dielectric-barrier (silent) discharges are ideally suited for efficient excitation of high-intensity UV radiation from excimers. The molecular continuum of xenon at 172 nm could be obtained with an efficiency of close to 10%. Model calculations for excimer formation and UV efficiencies in such discharges are presented. The possibility of obtaining many other wavelengths (e.g. KrF^* at 248 nm and XeCl^* at 308 nm) and the variety of conceivable geometries (plane or cylindrical) makes this new UV source an attractive choice for many photophysical and photochemical applications.     

In Situ Optical Investigations of Hypervelocity Impact Induced Dynamic Fracture

One of the prominent threats in the endeavor to develop next-generation space assets is the risk of space debris impact in earth’s orbit and micrometeoroid impact damage in deep space. To date, there is no study available which concentrates on the analysis of dynamic crack growth from hypervelocity impacts on such structures, resulting in their eventual catastrophic degradation. Experiments conducted using a unique two-stage light-gas gun facility have examined the in situ dynamic fracture of brittle polymers subjected to this high-energy-density event. Optical techniques of caustics and photoelasticity, combined with high-speed photography, analyze crack growth behavior of Mylar and Homalite 100 thin plates after impact at velocities ranging from 3 to 7 km/s (7,000–15,500 mph). Results indicate that even under extreme impact conditions of out-of-plane loading, highly localized heating, and energetic impact phenomena involving plasma formation and ejecta, the dynamic fracture process occurs during a deformation regime dominated by in-plane loading.     

Theoretical treatment of fluid flow for accelerating bodies

Most computational fluid dynamics simulations are, at present, performed in a body-fixed frame, for aeronautical purposes. With the advent of sharp manoeuvre, which may lead to transient effects originating in the acceleration of the centre of mass, there is a need to have a consistent formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations in an arbitrarily moving frame. These expressions should be in a form that allows terms to be transformed between non-inertial and inertial frames and includes gravity, viscous terms, and linear and angular acceleration. Since no effects of body acceleration appear in the inertial frame Navier–Stokes equations themselves, but only in their boundary conditions, it is useful to investigate acceleration source terms in the non-inertial frame. In this paper, a derivation of the energy equation is provided in addition to the continuity and momentum equations previously published. Relevant dimensionless constants are derived which can be used to obtain an indication of the relative significance of acceleration effects. The necessity for using computational fluid dynamics to capture nonlinear effects remains, and various implementation schemes for accelerating bodies are discussed. This theoretical treatment is intended to provide a foundation for interpretation of aerodynamic effects observed in manoeuvre, particularly for accelerating missiles.     

Rut depth, soil compaction and rolling resistance when using bogie tracks

There are few studies of rolling resistance for bogie tracks on forestry machines. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of wheels and two types of bogie tracks on rut formation, cone index, and vehicle rolling resistance on some typical forest soils in Sweden. In an experiment, two types of tracks were put on a trailer with a bogie with hydraulic extension on the pulling bar giving the trailer repeatable travelling speed. Loads of 0 and 9.9 Mg were used on the trailer. The main results of this study are: Compared to rather wide and soft tires, tracks on the bogie reduced rut depth by up to 40% and cone index in the ruts by about 10%, although the tracks increased the mass on the trailer by 10–12%. The relative rolling resistance coefficient was not higher for tracks than for wheels. Further studies should be conducted to show the effect of track tension on rolling resistance and flotation and of the effects of tracks on heavy vehicles on subsoil compaction.