Equilibrium Arrival Rates at a Partially-Obstructed Intersection

A lane of traffic approaches an intersection where a traffic signal mediates between two possibilities: continued travel on that lane, or a turn onto a one-way street. Movement stops temporarily whenever a vehicle arrives at the intersection during a period permitting the alternative that is not the driver's intention. A simple model is presented which mathematically verifies the intuition that this type of signal cannot allow traffic to move efficiently during the rush-hour.     

Metal-ammonia reduction: the ring reduction of aromatic carboxylic esters

Aryl benzoates are reduced to 1,4-dihydroaromatics with Na/NH₃ in the presence of water.     

FTIR study of the reaction of ethyl radicals with O2 and Cl2 in air at 295 K

Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the ethene yield from the reaction of C₂H₅ radicals with O₂ has been determined to be 1.50 ± 0.09%, 0.85 ± 0.11%, and <0.1% at total pressures of 25, 50, and 700 torr, respectively. Additionally, the rate constant of the reaction of C₂H₅ radicals with molecular chlorine was measured relative to that with molecular oxygen. (1) A ratio k₆/k₇ = 1.99 ± 0.14 was measured at 700 torr total pressure which, together with the literature value of k₇ = 4.4 × 10^?12 cm³ molecule^?1s^?1, yields k₆ = (8.8 ± 0.6) × 10^?12 cm³ molecule^?1s^?1. Quoted errors represent 2σ. These results are discussed with respect to previous kinetic and mechanistic studies of C₂H₅ radicals.     

Effects of solute-solvent interactions on electronic spectra: a predictive analysis

Ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence spectra have long been utilized for qualitative and quantitative purposes despite numerous complicating factors. In this study, anthracene, 1-naphthol, and 9-acetylanthracene are used as model systems to distinguish solventinduced effects via multiple regression techniques. The ability to predict changes in spectral peak locations and quantum efficiencies arising from solute—solvent interactions is critical to the development of a versatile computer-searchable library of electronic spectra.     

A direct conversion of esters to nitriles

Treatment of an ester with dimethylaluminum amide

in refluxing xylene produces a nitrile in good yield.