Resistant starches and health

It was initially hypothesized that resistant starches, i.e., starch that enters the colon, would have protective effects on chronic colonic diseases, including reduction of colon cancer risk and in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Recent studies have confirmed the ability of resistant starch to increase fecal bulk, increase the molar ratio of butyrate in relation to other short-chain fatty acids, and dilute fecal bile acids. However the ability of resistant starch to reduce luminal concentrations of compounds that are damaging to the colonic mucosa, including fecal ammonia, phenols, and N-nitroso compounds, still requires clear demonstration. As such, the effectiveness of resistant starch in preventing or treating colonic diseases remains to be assessed. Nevertheless, there is a fraction of what has been termed resistant (RS1) starch, which enters the colon and acts as slowly digested or lente carbohydrate in the small intestine. Foods in this class are low glycemic index and have been shown to reduce the risk of chronic disease. They have been associated with systemic physiological effects such as reduced postprandial insulin levels and higher HDL cholesterol levels. Consumption of low glycemic index foods has been shown to be related to reductions in risk of coronary heart disease and Type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes has in turn been related to a higher risk of colon cancer. If carbohydrates have a protective role in colon cancer prevention this may lie partly in the systemic effects of low glycemic index foods. The colonic advantages of different carbohydrates, varying in their glycemic index and resistant starch content, therefore, remain to be determined. However, as recent positive research findings continue to mount, there is reason for optimism over the possible health advantages of those resistant starches, which are slowly digested in the small intestine.     

Alternierende Copolymerisation von Styrol und Benzylmethacrylat in Gegenwart von Ethylaluminiumsesquichlorid

Zusammenfassung Die alternierende Copolymerisation von Styrol und Benzylmethacrylat in Gegenwart von Ethylaluminiumsesquichlorid als Katalysator zeigt im Anfangsstadium der Reaktion ein vom weiteren Verlauf abweichendes Verhalten. So nehmen die Zusammensetzung und die Grenzviskositäten der Produkte sowie die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit erst nach der Anfangsphase konstante Werte an.Die¹H-NMR-Spektren von alternierenden und statistischen Copolymeren gleicher Bruttozusammensetzung zeigen deutliche Unterschiede. Das Spektrum des alternierenden Copolymeren bestätigt die alternierende Struktur und spricht gleichzeitig für einen ataktischen Kettenaufbau.

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The alternating copolymerization of styrene and benzylmethacrylate shows a different behaviour at the beginning of the reaction and later on. Thus the composition and the intrinsic viscosity of the products as well as the reaction rate become constant only after the initial stage.The¹H-NMR-spectra of alternating and statistical copolymers with equal composition show distinct differences. The spectrum of the alternating copolymer confirms the alternating structure as well as an atactic chain configuration.

     

Über die Copolymerisation von Maleinsäure-anhydrid mit Bicyclo [2.2.1] hept-5-en-2-Carbonsäure

Radiation-induced and radical-initiated copolymerizations of norbornencarboxylic acid with maleic anhydride have been studied. In both cases decarboxylation occurs during the copolymerization; the composition of the copolymers is independent of the method of initiation and of the composition of the initial monomer feed. The decarboxylation is caused by the norbornencarboxylic acid and not by maleic anhydride. This result is supported by the observation that, during the radical homopolymerization of norbornencarboxylic acid also, carbon dioxide is split off.     

Penetration and Crosslinking of Macromolecules

One of the topical problems of macromolecular chemistry is the question of the extent to which macromolecules in solution or in the amorphous solid state can engage in mutual interpenetration. The present article is concerned primarily with recent investigations on cross-linking copolymerization and with inter-and intramolecular reactions of polymers as a contribution to the study of molecular shape.     

Mikroverfahren zur Bestimmung von Zinn in nieder- und hochmolekularen Organozinnverbindungen

Zusammenfassung Aus an sich im Makromaßstab bekannten Einzelschritten zur Mineralisation zinnorganischer Verbindungen und zur komplexometrischen Bestimmung von Zinn(IV) wurde eine Mikrobestimmung von Zinn in nieder- und hochmolekularen Organozinnverbindungen entwickelt.Die Mineralisierung der zu analysierenden Verbindung erfolgt mit einer Mischung aus konz. Schwefelsäure und konz. Salpetersäure unter Zusatz von Perchlorsäure. Die Bestimmung des Zinn(IV) erfolgt durch Komplexierung mit einem Überschuß an ÄDTA und Rücktitration mit 0,01 N Kupfer(II)-nitratlösung gegen Naphthylazoxin-S als Metallindicator.An Hand von Beleganalysen wird gezeigt, daß bei Einwaagen zwischen 0,025 und 0,07 mMol zinnorganischer Verbindung mit einer relativen Standardabweichung von rund 0,4% zu rechnen ist.

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Microdetermination of tin in low and high molecular weight organotin compounds

A procedure has been developed combining the two steps of mineralization of the compound and complexometric titration of tin(IV), known from macroscale analysis.Mineralization is effected by a mixture of conc. sulphuric acid, conc. nitric acid and perchloric acid. The tin(IV) is determined by complexing it with an excess of EDTA and by back-titration with 0.01 N copper(II) nitrate using naphthyl azoxine S as complexometric indicator.Results of test analyses are given showing the relative standard deviation to be about 0.4% with samples containing 0.025 to 0.07 mMol of organotin compound.

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Neue Anschrift: Chemische Werke Hüls AG 437 Marl, Westfalen.