Application of the ellipsoid method in an interactive procedure for multicriteria linear programming

The research reported in this paper is concerned with an application of the ellipsoid algorithm in the interactive multicriteria linear programming step method (STEM) byBenayoun et al. [1971]. Due to this application we eliminate some drawbacks of the original version of STEM and, moreover, we avoid extra computations connected with sensitivity analysis in every iteration. Specifically, we use the ellipsoid algorithm to minimize the Euclidean norm in the criterion space instead of the Chebyshev norm, which ensures that every solution submitted to the decision maker is efficient. As follows from a computational experiment, in comparison with the application of the simplex method, the proposed modification of STEM shows a smaller increase of the computational effort when the number of criteria increases. However, the absolute computation time becomes worse for problems of larger size.

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Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird über eine Anwendungsmöglichkeit der Khachiyan-Shor-Algorithmus (Ellipsoid-Algorithmus) im Rahmen des STEM-Verfahrens zur interaktiven Lösung linearer Vektoroptimierungsmodelle berichtet. Auf diese Weise können einige spezifische Nachteile des STEM-Verfahrens in seiner Originalversion vermieden werden. Durch die Verwendung der Euklidischen Norm anstelle der beim STEM-Verfahren üblichen Tschebyscheff-Norm wird garantiert, daß dem Entscheidungsträger nur effiziente Lösungen vorgeschlagen werden. Die numerischen Erfahrungen zeigen, daß der Lösungsaufwand der hier vorgeschlagenen Modifikation des STEM-Verfahrens mit steigender Anzahl von Zielfunktionen weniger stark zunimmt als bei der üblichen Version. Dies gilt jedoch nicht hinsichtlich der allgemeinen Problemgröße.

     

Registrierende Messung des mechanischen Verlustes von Kunststoffproben

Zusammenfassung Ein neues Verfahren, das eine unmittelbare und kontinuierliche Registrierung des mechanischen Verlustwinkels über einen weiten Temperaturbereich erm?glicht, wird beschrieben. Die Probe wird einer periodischen Biegung (f=2,5 Hz) unterworfen; die Zeit des Kraftnulldurchgangs relativ zur Bewegung ist dem Verlustwinkel proportional und wird elektronisch ermittelt. Das Me\ergebnis ist weitgehend von der Probenform und deren ?nderung w?hrend der Messung (Krümmung der Probe, thermische Ausdehnung usw). unabh?ngig. Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft sei für die Unterstützung dieser Arbeit verbindlichst gedankt.     

Photoinduced electron transfer at liquid|liquid interfaces. Part VII. Correlation between self-organisation and structure of water-soluble photoactive species

The self-organisation of a variety of dyes at the water|1,2-dichloroethane interface was studied by admittance measurements, photocurrent–potential curves and light polarisation anisotropy of the photocurrent. The heterogeneous photo-oxidation of ferrocene was studied at interfaces sensitised by Sn(IV) meso-tetra-(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin dichloride (SnTPPC), chlorin e-6, protoporphyrin IX (protoIX) and Fe(III) protoporphyrin IX chloride (Fe-protoIX). Cyclic voltammograms and capacitance voltage curves exhibit different features associated with the self-assembly of the dye species at the liquid|liquid boundary. In the case of SnTPPC, the capacitance curves displayed the characteristic responses commonly associated with the specific adsorption of ionic species. On the other hand, chlorin e-6, protoIX and Fe-protoIX show rather complex behaviour suggesting not only changes in the excess charge but also in the dielectric permittivity of the interface. Differences in the photocurrent efficiency were also observed under the same experimental conditions. The relative magnitude of the photocurrent responses were rationalised in terms of the phenomenological electron transfer rate constant, the photon capture cross-sections and the lifetime of the triplet state as obtained from nanosecond flash photolysis. Finally, the average molecular orientation of the adsorbed photoactive species was estimated from the photocurrent dependence on the angle of light polarisation in total internal reflection. The results show a clear correlation between the orientation of the transition dipole and the distribution of the peripheral carboxyl groups responsible for the hydrophilic nature of the dyes.     

Strukturviskosität von verdünnten Lösungen von Biopolymeren

The importance of the rheological behaviour of solutions of macromolecules is briefly evaluated. The viscosity of the solutions depends on concentration, shear rate and time of shear, this relation being determined by the structure of the dissolved molecules. In dilute solutions shear dependence of viscosity is very frequently caused by the preferential orientation of anisotropic molecules. In such a case the particle dimensions can be calculated from the true limiting viscosity number, an anisotropy factor, the rotational diffusion constant and the effective particle density. These numbers can be derived from the flow curve, which has been extrapolated to zero concentration. It is necessary to measure the flow curve at shear gradients, which are sufficiently low to allow for an extrapolation to vanishing shear rate. By comparing the experimental flow curve with a choice of theoretical ones, the rotational diffusion constant and the anisotropy factor (axial ratio) can be found. From the limiting viscosity number and the axial ratio, the particle density can be calculated.     

Komplexe von 2,6-Dimethylpyridin-1-oxid mit Lanthanidjodiden

Complexes of 2,6-dimethylpyridine 1-oxide with lanthanide iodides of the formulaeLn(2,6-LTNO)₅I₃ whereLn=La, Tb and Yb,Ln(2,6-LTNO)₄I₃ whereLn=Pr and Nd and Er(2,6-LTNO)_4.5I₃ have been prepared and characterised by chemical analysis, infrared and conductance studies. Infrared and conductance data have been interpreted in terms of dimeric (or polymeric) structures involving bridging amine oxide groups.

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Über die Synthese von 5-(o-Trifluormethylphenyl)-1H-thieno[3,4—e]-1,4-diazepin-2(3H)-onen

The synthesis of 5-(o-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-thieno-[3,4-e]1,4-diazepin-2(3H)-one (7) and its nitration and chlorination in pos. 8 are described.     

Berechnung von mittleren Schwingungsamplituden einiger tetraedrischer Moleküle und Ionen nach der Methode der charakteristischen Schwingungen

Mean amplitudes of vibration of a series of tetrahedralXY ₄ molecules and ions (hydrides, halides, oxides and oxoanions) have been calculated using the “Method of the Characteristic Vibrations” ofA. Müller. The results indicate that this method leads to very good values for most of the investigated species, and especially in the cases of highM _X/M_Y mass ratio.     

Gleichverteilung und Quadratwurzelschnecke

A new proof of a theorem of W. Neiss is given that the rays of the Quadratwurzelschnecke are uniformly distributed mod 2 . The exact order of the discrepancy of the sequence is determined. Multidimensional generalizations of this sequence are also considered. It is shown that the Quadratwurzelschnecke is something like a roulette.

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Herrn Prof. R. M. Redheffer in Freundschaft zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet     

Der quadratfreie Kern der Eulerschen φ-Funktion

It is shown by a simple induction that any square-free natural number is the square-free kernel of Euler's -function of infinitely many natural numbers. Furthermore every square-free natural number >1 is the square-free kernel of Euler's -function of infinitely many square-numbers.     

The Mitsunobu Reaction: Origin,Mechanism, Improvements,and Applications

The Mitsunobu reaction is a widely used and versatile method for the dehydrative oxidation–reduction condensation of an acid/pronucleophile usually with a primary or secondary alcohol that requires the combination of a reducing phosphine reagent together with an oxidizing azo reagent. The utility of this reaction stems from the fact that it is generally highly stereoselective and occurs with inversion of the stereochemical configuration of the alcohol starting material. Furthermore, as carboxylic acids, phenols, imides, sulfonamides, and other compounds can be used as the acid/pronucleophile, this reaction is useful for the preparation of a wide variety of functional groups. This Focus Review of the Mitsunobu reaction summarizes its origins, the current understanding of its mechanism, and recent improvements and applications.