Synthesis and characterization of functional gradient copolymers of allyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate

Functional spontaneous gradient copolymers of allyl methacrylate (A) and butyl acrylate (B) were synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization. The copolymerization reactions were carried out in toluene solutions at 100 °C with methyl 2‐bromopropionate as the initiator and copper bromide with N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine as the catalyst system. Different aspects of the statistical reaction copolymerizations, such as the kinetic behavior, crosslinking density, and gel fraction, were studied. The gel data were compared with Flory's gelation theory, and the sol fractions of the synthesized copolymers were characterized by size exclusion chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The copolymer composition, demonstrating the gradient character of the copolymers, and the microstructure were analyzed. The experimental data agreed well with data calculated with the Mayo–Lewis terminal model and Bernoullian statistics, with monomer reactivity ratios of 2.58 ± 0.37 and 0.51 ± 0.05 for A and B, respectively, an isotacticity parameter for A of 0.24, and a coisotacticity parameter of 0.33. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5304–5315, 2006     

Efficient Synthesis of Nitroflavones by Cyclodehydrogenation of 2′-Hydroxychalcones and by the Baker-Venkataraman Method

Summary. Several nitroflavone derivatives were synthesized by cyclodehydrogenation of 2′-hydroxychalcones and by the Baker-Venkataraman approach, starting from 2′-hydroxyacetophenones and benzoic acid derivatives. Nitroflavones synthesised by the first synthetic approach were obtained in better global yields than those obtained by the later method. The structures of all new compounds were elucidated by microanalyses, 1D and 2D NMR, IR, and mass spectroscopic measurements.     

On local optima in multiobjective combinatorial optimization problems

In this article, local optimality in multiobjective combinatorial optimization is used as a baseline for the design and analysis of two iterative improvement algorithms. Both algorithms search in a neighborhood that is defined on a collection of sets of feasible solutions and their acceptance criterion is based on outperformance relations. Proofs of the soundness and completeness of these algorithms are given.     

Existence of standing waves for dirac fields with singular nonlinearities

We prove the existence of stationary states for nonlinear Dirac equations of the form (E) $$i\sum\limits_{\mu = 0}^3 {\gamma ^\mu \partial _\mu \psi - M\psi + F\left( {\bar \psi \psi } \right)\psi = 0,} $$ whereM>0 andF is a singular self-interaction. In particular, in the model case whereF(s)=?s ^?α, for some 0<α<1, and for every ω>M, there exists a solution of (E) of the form ψ(t, x)=e ^iωt?(x), wherex ₀=t andx=(x ₁,x ₂,x ₃), such that ? has compact support. IF 0<α<1/3, then ? is of classC ¹. If 1/3<α<1, then ? is continuously differentiable, except on some sphere {|x|=R}, where |??| is infinite.     

Bounded speed of propagation for solutions to radiative transfer equations

The Radiative Transfer Equation is the nonlinear transport equation

Generalized solutions of a class of nuclear-space-valued stochastic evolution equations

Generalized solutions are defined for stochastic evolution equations of the formdY _t =A ^* Y _t dt + dZ _t on the nuclear triplel(R ^d ) L²(R ^d ) l(R ^d ), whereA does not mapl(R ^d ) into itself. One case which is treated in detail involvesA = –(–) ^/2 ,0 < < 2. This example arises as the Langevin equation for the fluctuation limit of a system of particles migrating according to a symmetric stable process and undergoing critical branching in a random medium.The research of D. A. Dawson was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. L. G. Gorostiza's research was supported in part by CONACyT Grants PCEXCNA-040319 and 140102 G203-006, Mexico.