Scalable synthesis of (−)-trans-3-hydroxypipecolic acid via a useful chiral building block

A scalable synthesis of (−)-trans-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-3-ol, a versatile chiral building block is described along with its transformation to (−)-trans-3-hydroxypipecolic acid.     

Minimal technicolor on the lattice

We present results from a lattice study of SU(2) gauge theory with 2 flavors of Dirac fermions in adjoint representation. This is a candidate for a minimal (simplest) walking technicolor theory, and has been predicted to possess either an IR fixed point (where the physics becomes conformal) or a coupling which evolves very slowly, so-called walking coupling. In this initial part of the study we investigate the lattice phase diagram and the excitation spectrum of the theory.     

Polyhydroxylated indolizidine alkaloids—synthesis of dideoxycastanospermine

The key transformation developed in this work is the anti-Kishi selective dihydroxylation, which proceeds by way of intramolecular participation of the nitrogen protecting group to furnish the desired stereochemistry required for castanospermine like structures. In this paper, we completed a first synthesis of a novel dideoxycastanospermine 6.     

Photodissociation of Mg+-XCH3 (X=F, Cl, Br, and I) complexes. I. Electronic spectra and dissociation pathways

Photodissociation spectra of Mg+-XCH3 (X=F, Cl, Br, and I) complexes have been measured in the ultraviolet region (225-415 nm). Several fragment ions with and without charge transfer (CT), Mg+, XCH3+, MgX+, MgCH3+, CH3+, and X+, were formed by evaporation (intermolecular bond dissociation) and intracluster reaction (intramolecular bond dissociation) via excited electronic states. Branching ratios of these ions were found to depend both on absorption bands and on halogen atoms. The ground states of the complexes were calculated to have geometries in which the Mg atom lies next to X atom of methyl halide molecules. Positive charges of the complexes are confirmed to be almost localized on Mg. Observed absorption bands were assigned to the transitions of the Mg+2P-2S atomic line perturbed by interactions with methyl halide molecules. Branching ratios of fragment ions can be partly explained by the stability of fragment ions and neutral counterparts. From the excited state potential energy curves along the Mg-X bond distance, dissociation reaction after CT was concluded to proceed predissociatively; potential curve crossings between the initially excited states and repulsive CT states may have a crucial role in the formation of CH3+, XCH3+, and X+. In particular, XCH3+ ions were formed via repulsive CT states having a character of electron excitation from Xnp to Mg+3s.     

Design and fabrication of integrated solid-phase extraction-zone electrophoresis microchip

Integrated solid-phase extraction-zone electrophoresis (SPE-ZE) device has been designed and fabricated on microchip. The structures were fabricated by using multiple layers of SU-8 polymer with a novel technique that enables easy alignment and high yield of the chips. SU-8 adhesive bonding has two major advantages: it enables bonding of high aspect ratio pillars and it results in fully SU-8 microchannels with uniform electrokinetic flow properties. The SPE-ZE device has a fluidic reservoir with 15:1 high aspect ratio pillars for bead filters that act as a SPE part in the chip structure. The separation unit is a 25 mm long electrophoresis channel starting from the outlet of SPE reservoir. Argon laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detector was used to monitor simultaneously the SPE reservoir and the detection site at the end of the electrophoresis channel. Flow characteristics and electric field distributions were simulated with Femlab software. Fluorescein was used as the analyte for detecting the operational performance of the chip. Adsorption, bead rinsing, elution and detection were tested to verify functioning of the chip design.     

Removal of ghost images by using tilted element optical systems with polynomial surfaces for aberration compensation

A novel solution to problematic ghost images is implemented by using tilted lens elements with polynomial surfaces. Tilting the lens surfaces sends reflections out of the imaging path. The nonrotationally symmetric polynomial surfaces correct aberrations caused by tilts. The complex lens surfaces are fabricated by using gray-scale lithographic patterning of hybrid solgel glass.     

Microwave backscattering by nonspherical ice particles at 5.6 GHz using second-order perturbation series

Scattering of microwaves by an ensemble of nonspherical ice particles is studied using a scattering model based on a second-order perturbation series at 5.6 GHz (C-band). Particle shapes are defined using a Gaussian random sphere geometry. Particle inhomogeneity is taken into account using three different effective-medium approximations: Maxwell–Garnett, Bruggeman, and Coherent Potential mixing rules. By systematically varying particle size, liquid water content, Gaussian shape parameters, and internal structure, it is found that liquid water content is the most important factor for the co-polarized backscattering; the shape is relatively unimportant. For depolarized backscattering, the shape is of fundamental importance, although the other factors are significant too. Surprisingly, the type of nonsphericity is found to be important for depolarization even for scatterers that are in the Rayleigh region: elongated targets depolarize clearly stronger than more irregular shapes. This finding seems not to be strongly size dependent, at least for size parameters from 0.0059 to 0.47, and indicates that the accurate modeling of shape is important for polarization quantities even in the Rayleigh region.     

Radiometry and Radiation Efficiency of Twisted Gaussian Schell-Model Sources

Wavefields endowed with the coherence-induced property of optical twist have recently attracted a good deal of theoretical and experimental attention. We present the generalized radiometric theory of fields generated by twisted Gaussian Schell-model sources. The effects introduced by the novel, rotationally symmetric, twist phenomenon in the radiant intensity, generalized radiance, radiant emittance (irradiance), and the radiation efficiency are assessed. The radiance becomes directionally skewed as a result of the twist, whereas the radiant intensity remains axially symmetric. The twist reduces the radiation efficiency and broadens the radiation distribution, in agreement with the notion that the twist decreases the effective coherence. Several special cases, such as quasihomogeneous sources, are analyzed in detail. The radiometric results, which are physically consistent with the superposition models of twisted sources, are demonstrated by illustrative examples.