Literatur

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Thermal Properties Of ZrTe5

High resolution specific heat measurements have been performed in the temperature range 60-190K. Two very weak anomalies were found around 80K and 140K. Thermal conductivity measurements have also been performed and there was no detectable anomaly. The results are discussed in view of actual proposed interpretations.     

Synthesis of Catechol Derived Rosamine Dyes and Their Reactivity toward Biogenic Amines

Functional organic dyes play a key role in many fields, namely in biotechnology and medical diagnosis. Herein, we report two novel 2,3- and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl substituted rosamines (3 and 4, respectively) that were successfully synthesized through a microwave-assisted protocol. The best reaction yields were obtained for rosamine 4, which also showed the most interesting photophysical properties, specially toward biogenic amines (BAs). Several amines including n- and t-butylamine, cadaverine, and putrescine cause spectral changes of 4, in UV–Vis and fluorescence spectra, which are indicative of their potential application as an effective tool to detect amines in acetonitrile solutions. In the gas phase, the probe response is more expressive for spermine and putrescine. Additionally, we found that methanolic solutions of rosamine 4 and n-butylamine undergo a pink to yellow color change over time, which has been attributed to the formation of a new compound. The latter was isolated and identified as 5 (9−aminopyronin), whose solutions exhibit a remarkable increase in fluorescence intensity together with a shift toward more energetic wavelengths. Other 9-aminopyronins 6a, 6b, 7a, and 7b were obtained from methanolic solutions of 4 with putrescine and cadaverine, demonstrating the potential of this new xanthene entity to react with primary amines.     

4,4′-Substituted biphenyl coronands. Preparation of a new selective fluorescent sensor for mercury salts

Six new 4,4′-substituted biphenyl coronands have been prepared. The ligands containing dimethylamino groups in the biphenyl moiety have been used in transition metal cations’ complexation and one of them (3) has demonstrated to be a selective fluorescent sensor for mercury. Stoichiometries of the formed complexes and complexation constants have been determined by titration experiments. In addition, the extractant ability of some ligands has also been studied. Finally, the electrochemical properties of some of these ligands are also described.     

Study of non-covalent interactions of luotonin A derivatives and the DNA minor groove as a first step in the study of their analytical potential as DNA probes

The interaction between DNA and several newly synthesized derivatives of the natural anticancer compound luotonin A has been studied. The results from our work reveal an effective and selective alkaloid/double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA) interaction. In the presence of increasing amounts of ds-DNA, a noticeable fluorescence quenching of the luotonin A derivatives under study was observed. However, this effect did not take place when single-stranded DNA (ss-DNA) was employed. The association constant alkaloids/ds-DNA was calculated by quantitation of such a quenching effect. The influence of other quenchers, namely Co²⁺ and Br⁻ on the native fluorescence of luotonin A and derivatives was also studied, and a remarkable quenching effect was observed for both ions. We have also investigated how by binding DNA the alkaloids could get protected from the external Co²⁺ and Br⁻ quenchers. The Stern–Volmer constants (K _SV) for Co²⁺ and Br⁻ quenching effect on the studied alkaloids were considerably reduced (10–50%) after incubation of the compounds in the presence of DNA with regard to the K _SV values in absence of DNA. An increase in the fluorescence anisotropy values of luotonins was also produced only in the presence of ds-DNA but not in the case of ss-DNA. To better characterize the nature of that interaction, viscosimetry assays and ethidium bromide displacement studies were conducted. With regard to DNA reference solutions, the viscosity of solutions containing DNA and luotonin A derivatives was reduced or not significantly increased. It was also observed that the studied compounds were unable to displace the intercalating agent ethidium bromide. All of these results, together with the obtained association constants values (K _ass = 2.2 × 10² – 1.3 × 10³), support that neither covalent nor intercalating interactions luotonin A derivatives/ds-DNA are produced, leading to the conclusion that these alkaloids bind ds-DNA through the minor groove. The specific changes in the fluorescence behavior of luotonin A and derivatives distinguishing between ss-DNA and ds-DNA binding, lead us to propose these compounds as attractive turn-off probes to detect DNA hybridization.     

Methyl 3-methyl-2H-azirine-2-carboxylate photochemistry studied by matrix-isolation FTIR and DFT calculations

The aliphatic 2H-azirine, methyl 3-methyl-2H-azirine-2-carboxylate (MMAC), has been synthesized and its monomeric form investigated by IR spectroscopy in an argon matrix, at 10 K, as well as theoretically (DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)). Two low-energy conformers of MMAC (Ct and Cc) were found in the matrix, both exhibiting the cis conformation around the C-O bond but differing in the arrangement around the C-C(alpha) bond. The two conformers were photoreactive upon in situ broadband UV excitation (lambda > 235 nm), yielding nitrile ylide (P1) and ketene imine (P2) type products, which resulted from cleavage of the C-C or C-N bond, respectively. The kinetics of the reactions leading to the formation of P1 and P2 are of first order, with the processes being favored when the reactant is in the Cc conformation. Very interestingly, the C-N bond photocleavage, which is unusual for aliphatic 2H-azirines, was found to be preferred over the generally favored in 2H-azirines C-C bond breakage. This behavior is attributed to the presence in the molecule of the electron-withdrawing methoxycarbonyl substituent, which accelerates the intersystem crossing toward the T(1) triplet state and, in this way, favors the C-N bond cleavage. In addition to the primary photoprocesses leading to formation of P1 and P2, secondary photoprocesses leading to the decarboxylation and decarbonylation of P2 have been also observed.     

Design and Evaluation of a Lactate Microbiosensor: Toward Multianalyte Monitoring of Neurometabolic Markers In Vivo in the Brain

Direct in vivo measurements of neurometabolic markers in the brain with high spatio-temporal resolution, sensitivity, and selectivity is highly important to understand neurometabolism. Electrochemical biosensors based on microelectrodes are very attractive analytical tools for continuous monitoring of neurometabolic markers, such as lactate and glucose in the brain extracellular space at resting and following neuronal activation. Here, we assess the merits of a platinized carbon fiber microelectrode (CFM/Pt) as a sensing platform for developing enzyme oxidase-based microbiosensors to measure extracellular lactate in the brain. Lactate oxidase was immobilized on the CFM/Pt surface by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. The CFM/Pt-based lactate microbiosensor exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity, good operational stability, and low dependence on oxygen, temperature, and pH. An array consisting of a glucose and lactate microbiosensors, including a null sensor, was used for concurrent measurement of both neurometabolic substrates in vivo in the anesthetized rat brain. Rapid changes of lactate and glucose were observed in the cortex and hippocampus in response to local glucose and lactate application and upon insulin-induced fluctuations of systemic glucose. Overall, these results indicate that microbiosensors are a valuable tool to investigate neurometabolism and to better understand the role of major neurometabolic markers, such as lactate and glucose.     

Reactivity of 2-halo-2H-azirines. 1. Reactions with nucleophiles.

Nucleophilic substitution reactions of 2-halo-2H-azirines 1a, 1b, 1d, and 1e with potassium phthalimide and aniline allowed the preparation of new substituted 2H-azirines 2-5. The reactions of 2-bromo-2H-azirine 1a with methylamine led to the synthesis of alpha-diimines 7 and 8. 2-Halo-2H-azirines were also established as building blocks for the synthesis of a range of heterocyclic compounds, namely, quinoxalines 10a-10d, 3-oxazoline 14, and 2H-[1,4]oxazines 18 and 20. X-ray crystal structures of alpha-diimine 7, 3-oxazoline 14, and 2H-[1,4]oxazine 18 are reported.     

Charge density analysis of some processes involving intramolecular hydrogen transfer

The variations in topology of the electron density along the reaction paths of the keto-enol tautomerism of acetaldehyde, the pinacol rearrangement of protonated 1,2-ethanediol, and the unimolecular decomposition of methanediol, were studied as examples of hydrogen transfer between, respectively, C?O, C?C, and O?O atoms. The evolution of atomic charges, determined using two different atomic partitionings (AIM and Hirshfeld), indicates that the main electronic charge transfer in keto-enol tautomerism takes place between the migrating hydrogen and the carbon of the carbonyl group. The topology of the electron density demonstrates that a hydrogen-bridge structure is never formed along the reaction path of the pinacol rearrangement. The methanediol decomposition follows a concerted mechanism with very small variations in the atomic charges.