Identification of a series of C25-C40 acyclic isoprenoid hydrocarbons in crude oils

The identification of acyclic isoprenoid hydrocarbons in organic extracts of geological samples and particularly in petroleum deserves a great interest from the biological origin of the sedimentary organic matter and the understanding of geochemical processes.     

Complex study of nickel skeleton catalysts: V. Study of novel non-pyrophoric nickel skeleton catalysts by derivatograph

The structure and properties of non-pyrophoric skeleton catalysts prepared from NiSi, NiAlSi, NiMg and NiZn alloys have been studied—apart from other thermal methods—by means of the derivatograph.Our experimental results have contributed to the explanation of the non-pyrophoric behaviour of these catalysts. We demonstrated that the desorption of the hydrogen content in our catalysts is not accompanied by the oxidation of active nickel. This oxidation takes place only at higher temperatures, above 200°C, at a rate proportional to the amount of active nickel.Other constituents of the catalysts (adsorbed water, hydroxide content) were also determined from the experimental data. The outstandingly high Mg(OH)₂ content of the NiMg catalyst indicates that its structure is dissimilar: Mg(OH)₂ also acts as support for the catalyst.     

Isotope gas analysis of tritium-labelled organic compounds based on pyrolytical decomposition

Summary A procedure has been developed for the activity measurement of tritium-labelled organic compounds in the gas phase. The organic compounds are pyrolysed in hydrogen carrier gas at 1150° and the decomposition products are swept through a carbon packing in accordance with the principle of the oxygen determination developed byUnterzaucher andBürger. The radioactive gas mixture obtained from the sample is swept by the hydrogen carrier gas flowing continuously through the reactor into a proportional counter tube, after the addition of propanebutane counter gas. By closure of the counter tube at a suitable moment, the radioactive gas is quantitatively trapped in the counter tube. The activity is measured in the limited proportional region. No memory effect occurs. The preparation of the sample requires 12 minutes; the relative standard deviation of analysis is <0.5%.

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Zusammenfassung Ein Verfahren zur Aktivitätsbestimmung bei tritium-markierten organischen Verbindungen in der Gasphase wurde ausgearbeitet. Die organischen Substanzen werden in Wasserstoff als Trägergas bei 1150° pyrolysiert. Die Zersetzungsprodukte werden wie bei der Sauerstoffbestimmung nachUnterzaucher bzw.Bürger über eine Kohleschicht geleitet. Das radioaktive Gas-gemisch aus der Probe gelangt mit dem kontinuierlich strömenden Trägergas in ein Proportionalzählrohr, nachdem Propan-Butan-Zählgas zugesetzt wurde. Man schließt das Zählrohr im richtigen Augenblick, um das radioaktive Gas quantitativ zu erfassen. Die Aktivität wird im Proportionalbereich gemessen. Ein Memory-Effekt tritt nicht auf. Die Vorbereitung der Probe beansprucht 12 Minuten. Die relative Standardabweichung ist kleiner als 0,5%.

     

Novel electroanalytical techniques for pollution analysis

Summary Two new analytical techniques are described. The so-called injection technique operates on evaluating a dynamic concentration signal as a result of following the concentration change in a certain part of a flow-through channel after injecting a sample or reagent at a small volume into the current of an appropriate solution flowing at a constant rate.The second technique, the programmed coulometric titration technique, also uses the flow-through channel principle; that means this novel technique allows the more precise titrimetric way of analysis in flowing solutions. In the case of both techniques potentiometric and voltammetric detectors were involved. Several examples proved the multifold advantages of these techniques for environmental analysis.

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Neue elektroanalytische Verfahren für die Umweltanalyse

Zusammenfassung Zwei neue Methoden werden beschrieben. Die sog. Injektionstechnik wertet ein dynamisches Konzentrationssignal aus, das sich aus der Änderung in einem Durchflußkanal ergibt, wenn Probe oder Reagens in kleinen Volumina in einen konstant fließenden Flüssigstrom injiziert werden. Das zweite Verfahren, die programmierte coulometrische Titration, erlaubt die Anwendung der genaueren titrimetrischen Technik auf fließende Lösungen. Bei beiden Methoden werden potentiometrische und voltammetrische Detektoren verwendet. Mehrere Beispiele zeigen die vielfachen Vorteile dieser Verfahren bei der Anwendung auf die Analyse von Umweltmaterial.

Presented at the 6th Annual Symposium on Recent Advances in the Analytical Chemistry of Pollutants, April 21–23, 1976; Vienna, Austria     

Polarographic determination of pilocarpine using the catalysed pre-wave of nickel(II)

On the basis of a detailed study of the pilocarpine-induced nickel(II) pre-wave using various polarographic techniques, an electrode process mechanism is proposed in which the formation of a catalytic complex between aquo-nickel(II) and veronalate-nickel(II) on the one hand and unprotonated pilocarpine adsorbed on the electrode surface on the other is followed by the reduction of nickel(II) in the complex and the release of the catalytic ligand. The pre-peak recorded by differential-pulse polarography in the system 1 × 10^?3 M Ni(II)-1 × 10^?2 M sodium veronal, nitric acid (pH 8.5) (with ionic strength maintained at 0.2 with sodium nitrate) can be used for quantitative determination of pilocarpine at concentrations in the range 2.5 × 10^?7-8 × 10^?6 M.     

Electroviscous Effect in Dilute Suspensions of Alumina

A study on the electroviscous effect of alumina suspensions has been made. At the low volume fraction of the particles studied here only a first-order effect was detected. Ubbelohde-type capillary viscometers have been used. A simple method to determine the hydrodynamic constant k(1) has been proposed. The experimental primary electroviscous coefficients corresponding to different electrolyte concentrations have been compared with two different theoretical approachs (I. G. Watterson, and L. R. White, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 2 77, 1115 (1981); F. J. Rubio-Hernández, E. Ruiz-Reina, and A. I. Gómez-Merino, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 206, 334 (1998)) and the results suggest that the presence of a dynamic Stern layer plays a certain role in this effect. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

On the reactivity of benzidinesulfonic acids and their applications in analysis: Reaction of cupric salts with o-benzidinemonosulfonic acid in presence of alkali thiocyanate

In the present work a new method for the detection of coppcr(II) is described. It is based on the reaction of this ion with the alkali salts of o-benzidinemonosulfonic acid, alkali thiocyanate being present. The sensitivity of this test is $\text{1}\text{500,000}$ (l0^-5.7); it ia specific for the Cu⁺² ion and can also be used to distinguish quickly the above-mentioned acid from the benzidine o-o'-disulfonic and benzidine m-m' '-disulfonic acids. It is believed that the mechanism of the reaction can be explained by an oxidation process.     

HPLC-Electrochemical detection with graphite-poly (tetrafluoroethylene) electrode Determination of the fungicides thiram and disulfiram

The suitability of composite graphite-poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (Teflon) electrodes as amperometric indicator electrodes in HPLC detection is demonstrated. The determination of the fungicides thiram and disulfiram in the presence of ziram has been chosen as an analytical problem. The optimization of working conditions, such as the choice of the organic solvent used in the mobile phase as well as its percentage, the potential applied to the composite electrode, and the time elapsed between mixing the carbamates and the injection, has been accomplished by using the wall-jet flow-cell configuration. The effect of the acetonitrile percentage used in the mobile phase on the retention of thiram, disulfiram, ziram and phenol was evaluated. Resolution up to the baseline can be achieved with 45% acetonitrile. The sensitivity of the determination of thiram and disulfiram in the presence of a constant concentration of ziram is slightly better when using a wall-jet cell; however, the background current is higher, as well as the baseline noise and the time necessary to achieve stabilization of the baseline before the injection. Lower limits of detection for both fungicides, as well as a better repeatability, were obtained when using a thin-layer flow cell configuration. As an application, the determination of thiram in spiked apple samples, at a level of 0.5 mg thiram kg(-1) apple, has been carried out with a mean recovery of 97 +/- 3% for a significance level of 0.05.     

The kinetics of radical polymerization—XXVII. Investigation of the radical reactivity of 3,3′- and 4,4′-disubstituted azobenzenes in the polymerization of vinylacetate

A study was made on the inhibition by some 3,3′- and 4,4′-disubstituted azobenzenes of the polymerization of vinylacetate initiated by azoisobutyronitrile at 50°. The inhibitory effects of these substances can be attributed to their ability to engage in radical addition giving a less reactive hydrazyl type radical. The mechanism of the inhibition has been established by ESR and kinetic (stoichiometric) measurements. The value of k₅/k₂ (characteristic of the reactivity of an inhibitor) was determined for 9 substituents. The radical reactivity of the aromatic azo group was decreased by electron donor substituents and increased by electron acceptors. The substituent effect can be well interpreted by the Hammett equation; the value of the reaction constant was ? = +0.53.     

Amide-water interactions in cosolvent systems. I. Solubilities and apparent molar volumes of methyl paraben

Solubility and apparent molar volume data are used to demonstrate effects of amide alkylation on amide-water interactions at 25° C. Precise measurements were made of the apparent molar volumes of the amides in binary amide-water mixtures using a dilatometric technique. The results show that the apparent molar volumes of alkyl-substituted amides in water pass through a minimum at an amide concentration which varies inversely with the degree of alkylation. Further studies showed that the solubilities of methyl paraben (methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate) and naphthalene in various amide-water solvent systems increased in characteristic fashion with amide alkylation.