Fruit Wastes as a Valuable Source of Value-Added Compounds: A Collaborative Perspective

The by-products/wastes from agro-food and in particular the fruit industry represents from one side an issue since they cannot be disposed as such for their impact on the environment but they need to be treated as a waste. However, on the other side, they are a source of bioactive healthy useful compounds which can be recovered and be the starting material for other products in the view of sustainability and a circular economy addressing the global goal of “zero waste” in the environment. An updated view of the state of art of the research on fruit wastes is here given under this perspective. The topic is defined as follows: (i) literature quantitative analysis of fruit waste/by-products, with particular regards to linkage with health; (ii) an updated view of conventional and innovative extraction procedures; (iii) high-value added compounds obtained from fruit waste and associated biological properties; (iv) fruit wastes presence and relevance in updated databases. Nowadays, the investigation of the main components and related bioactivities of fruit wastes is being continuously explored throughout integrated and multidisciplinary approaches towards the exploitation of emerging fields of application which may allow to create economic, environmental, and social value in the design of an eco-friendly approach of the fruit wastes.     

Raman scattering investigation of selenomethionine replacement in protein SOUL crystals

The vibrational properties of both wild‐type and selenomethionine (SeMet)‐substituted protein SOUL crystals have been investigated here by Raman spectroscopy. Several Raman peaks observed in the spectra of methionine and SeMet were identified as specific markers. The unambiguous assignment of these peaks has been inferred by comparing the experimental Raman spectra of the pure amino acids, recorded in solid state and in aqueous solution, and the Raman intensities computed using quantum chemical calculations. Moreover, a quantitative evaluation of the relative amount of SeMet replacement in the crystals of protein SOUL labelled with SeMet has been estimated through the ratio between the Raman intensities of marker peaks. These results offer evidence of the potential of Raman microscopy as a reliable and non‐invasive tool for novel in‐depth structural investigations in biocrystallography. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Computational analysis and in vivo validation of a microRNA encoded by the IBTK gene,a regulator of B-lymphocytes differentiation and survival

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded RNA molecules that play an essential role in the regulation of gene expression and cell physiology. Gene rearrangements occurring in the miRNA sequence are associated with cancer. The IBTK genetic locus is located in the genomic sequence 6q14.1 that undergoes chromosomal aberration in lymphoproliferative disorders. The IBTK gene encodes the proteins IBtk-α, β and γ that regulate the B cell receptor signalling through Bruton's tyrosine kinase, which promotes B cell survival and differentiation. Pro-MirII-based analysis predicted four precursors of microRNAs (pre-miR) encoded by introns 17, 21, 26 and the 3′ un-translated region of the IBTK gene. Pre-miR-IBTK3, which was encoded by intron 26, was the effective substrate of RNase III Dicer in vitro as well as the precursor of an IBtk miRNA generated in vivo. By CLUSTALW-based analysis, pre-miR-IBTK3 homologues were found in Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus and Macaca mulatta, suggesting an evolutionary conserved function in primates.     

Redox-active nickel in carbon nanotubes and its direct determination

The presence of residual metal-catalyst impurities in carbon nanotubes is responsible for their toxicity. It is important to differentiate between the total amount of impurities and the redox-active (bioavailable) amount of such impurities because only the bioavailable impurities exhibit toxic effects. Herein, we report a simple and specific method for quantifying the amount of redox-active Ni present in various commercial samples of CNTs. It is based on the electrochemical oxidation of Ni(OH)(2) that is formed in alkaline solutions when Ni impurities are opened to the surrounding environment. Metallic Ni impurities play an extremely active role in toxicological assays as well as in undesired catalytic processes, and thus a method to rapidly quantify the amount of redox-active Ni is of great importance.     

Redox‐Active Nickel in Carbon Nanotubes and Its Direct Determination

The presence of residual metal‐catalyst impurities in carbon nanotubes is responsible for their toxicity. It is important to differentiate between the total amount of impurities and the redox‐active (bioavailable) amount of such impurities because only the bioavailable impurities exhibit toxic effects. Herein, we report a simple and specific method for quantifying the amount of redox‐active Ni present in various commercial samples of CNTs. It is based on the electrochemical oxidation of Ni(OH)₂ that is formed in alkaline solutions when Ni impurities are opened to the surrounding environment. Metallic Ni impurities play an extremely active role in toxicological assays as well as in undesired catalytic processes, and thus a method to rapidly quantify the amount of redox‐active Ni is of great importance.     

Introducing dichlorocarbene in graphene

The functionalization of graphene with dichlorocarbene has been successfully attained based on a conventional method for the generation of dichlorocarbenes. The obtained material was fully characterized using high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, infrared and Raman spectroscopies.     

Expression of AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits in the cervical spinal cord of wobbler mice

Background  

The localisation of AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits was studied in a model of degeneration of cervical spinal motoneurons, the wobbler mouse. Cervical regions from early or late symptomatic wobbler mice (4 or 12 weeks of age) were compared to lumbar tracts (unaffected) and to those of healthy mice.