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941.
The efficiency of anaerobic digestion process is dependent on the type and composition of the material to be digested. This
work examines the co-digestion of corn silage, beet pulp silage, carrot residues, and cheese whey in different configurations
together with a glycerin fraction — the waste product of transestrification of oils (biodiesel production) in a 25 L bioreactor
operated mesophically in a quasi-continuous mode. Co-digestion of corn silage with carrot residues appeared to be more effective
than that with cheese whey resulting in the gas production rate equal to 5.9 L L−1 d−1 and 1.4 L L−1 d−1, respectively. The performed experiments showed that a combination of three substrates: corn silage, cheese whey, and glycerin
fraction resulted in the highest methane content equal to 61 % and the biogas production rate of 1.8 L L−1 d−1. 相似文献
942.
As applications for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) become more varied with a greater number of field and industrial LIBS systems developed and as the technique evolves to be more quantitative that qualitative, there is a more significant need for LIBS systems capable of analysis with the use of a single laser shot. In single-shot LIBS, a single laser pulse is used to form a single plasma for spectral analysis. In typical LIBS measurements, multiple laser pulses are formed and collected and an ensemble-averaged method is applied to the spectra. For some applications there is a need for rapid chemical analysis and/or non-destructive measurements; therefore, LIBS is performed using a single laser shot. This article reviews in brief several applications that demonstrate the applicability and need for single-shot LIBS. 相似文献
943.
Więckowska Anna Bajda Marek Więckowski Krzysztof Malawska Barbara 《平面色谱法杂志一现代薄层色谱法》2010,23(5):359-364
JPC – Journal of Planar Chromatography – Modern TLC - This paper reports an investigation of physicochemical properties of four series of carbamates of 3-hydroxy and... 相似文献
944.
William J. Evans Prof. Thomas J. Mueller Joseph W. Ziller Dr. 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2010,16(3):964-975
The limits of steric crowding in organometallic metallocene complexes have been examined by studying the synthesis of [(C5Me5)3MLn] complexes as a function of metal in which L=Me3CCN, Me3CNC, and Me3SiCN. The bis(tert‐butyl nitrile) complexes [(C5Me5)3Ln(NCCMe3)2] (Ln=La, 1 ; Ce, 2 ; Pr, 3 ) can be isolated with the largest lanthanide metal ions, La3+, Ce3+, and Pr3+. The Pr3+ ion also forms an isolable mono‐nitrile complex, [(C5Me5)3Pr(NCCMe3)] ( 4 ), whereas for Nd3+ only the mono‐adduct [(C5Me5)3Nd(NCCMe3)] ( 5 ) was observed. With smaller metal ions, Sm3+ and Y3+, insertion of Me3CCN into the M? C(C5Me5) bond was observed to form the cyclopentadiene‐substituted ketimide complexes [(C5Me5)2Ln{NC(C5Me5)(CMe3)}(NCCMe3)] (Ln=Sm, 6 ; Y, 7 ). With tert‐butyl isocyanide ligands, a bis‐isocyanide product can be isolated with lanthanum, [(C5Me5)3La(CNCMe3)2] ( 8 ), and a mono‐isocyanide product with neodymium, [(C5Me5)3Nd(CNCMe3)] ( 9 ). Silicon–carbon bond cleavage was observed in reactions between [(C5Me5)3Ln] complexes and trimethylsilyl cyanide, Me3SiCN, to produce the trimeric cyanide complexes [{(C5Me5)2Ln(μ‐CN)(NCSiMe3)}3] (Ln=La, 10 ; Pr, 11 ). With uranium, a mono‐nitrile reaction product, [(C5Me5)3U(NCCMe3)] ( 12 ), which is analogous to 5 , was obtained from the reaction between [(C5Me5)3U] and Me3CCN, but [(C5Me5)3U] reacts with Me3CNC through C? N bond cleavage to form a trimeric cyanide complex, [{(C5Me5)2U(μ‐CN)(CNCMe3)}3] ( 13 ). 相似文献
945.
A new cadmium(II)-imprinted polymer based on cadmium(II) 2,2′-{ethane-1,2-diylbis[nitrilo(E)methylylidene]} diphenolate-4-vinylpyridine complex was obtained via suspension polymerization. The beads were used as a minicolumn packing for flow-injection-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-FAAS) determination of cadmium(II) in water samples. Sorption effectiveness was optimal within pH range of 6.6-7.7. Nitric acid, 0.5% (v/v) was used as eluent. Fast cadmium(II) sorption by the proposed material enabled to apply sample flow rates up to 10 mL min−1 without loss in sorption effectiveness. Enrichment factor (EF), concentration efficiency (CE) and limit of detection (LOD, 3σ) found for 120-s sorption time were 117, 39.1 min−1 and 0.11 μg L−1, respectively. Sorbent stability was proved for at least 100 preconcentration cycles (RSD = 2.9%). When compared to non-imprinted polymer the new Cd(II)-imprinted polymer exhibited improved selectivity towards cadmium(II) against other heavy metal ions, especially Cu(II) and Pb(II), as well as light metal ions. Accuracy of the method was tested for ground water and waste water certified reference materials and fortified water. The method was applied to Cd(II) determination in natural water samples. 相似文献
946.
947.
Donor-acceptor complexes of borazine (BZ) and its substituted derivatives with Lewis acids (A = MCl(3), MBr(3); M = B, Al, Ga) and Lewis bases (D = NH(3), Py) have been theoretically studied at the B3LYP/TZVP level of theory. The calculations showed that complexes with Lewis bases only are unstable with respect to dissociation into their components, while complexes with Lewis acids only (such as aluminum and gallium trihalides) are stable. It was shown that formation of ternary D→BZ→A complexes may be achieved by subsequent introduction of the Lewis acid (acceptor A) and the Lewis base (donor D) to borazine. The nature of substituents in the borazine ring, their number, and position were shown to have only minor influence on the stability of ternary D→BZ→A complexes due to the compensation effect. Much weaker acceptor properties of borazine are explained in terms of large endothermic pyramidalization energy of the boron center in the borazine ring. In contrast to borazine, binary complexes of the isoelectronic benzene were predicted to be weakly bound even in the case of very strong Lewis acids; ternary DA complexes of benzene were predicted to be unbound. The donor-acceptor complex formation was predicted to significantly reduce both the endothermicity (by 70-95 kJ mol(-1)) and the activation energy (by 40-70 kJ mol(-1)) for the borazine hydrogenation. Thus, activation of the borazine ring by Lewis acids may be a facile way for the hydrogenation of borazines and polyborazines. 相似文献
948.
A set of 11 non-symmetric cyclic sulfamide HIV-1 protease inhibitors were synthesized and evaluated. The use of a key microwave-assisted silver(I) oxide mediated selective mono N-benzylation reaction enabled fast and straightforward synthesis. The Ki values of the new inhibitors ranged between 0.28 μM and >20 μM. 相似文献
949.
A systematic investigation of the solvent's dynamic influence on activated barrier crossings on an electronic ground state is performed using ultrafast two-dimensional infrared chemical exchange spectroscopy. These measurements facilitate a direct comparison with the widely adopted Kramers theory of condensed phase reaction kinetics, and for the first time avoid the significant complication of electronic excitation to probe directly in the time domain a ground electronic state reaction with a well-defined transition state. The picosecond timescale interconversion between two stable isomers of the metal carbonyl complex Co(2)(CO)(8) in a series of linear alkane solvents shows negligible energetic variation with solvent carbon chain length, providing an exclusive probe of the effects of solvent friction. Relative to the linear alkane series, cyclohexane does alter the potential energy surface by preferentially stabilizing one of the isomers. Despite this pronounced modification of the reaction barrier energetics, combination of experiment and computation enables the removal of the nondynamical barrier contribution to the rate constant, isolating the dynamical influence of solvent friction. The experimental data, supported with quantum and classical computations, show agreement with a simple Markovian Kramers theory for the isomerization rate constant's dependence on solvent viscosity. 相似文献
950.
The photochemical reaction of (C(5)Me(5))Rh(PMe(3))H(2) (1) in neat acetonitrile leads to formation of the C-H activation product, (C(5)Me(5))Rh(PMe(3))(CH(2)CN)H (2). Thermolysis of this product in acetonitrile or benzene leads to thermal rearrangement to the C-C activation product, (C(5)Me(5))Rh(PMe(3))(CH(3))(CN) (4). Similar results were observed for the reaction of 1 with benzonitrile. The photolysis of 1 in neat benzonitrile results in C-H activation at the ortho, meta, and para positions. Thermolysis of the mixture in neat benzonitrile results in clean conversion to the C-C activation product, (C(5)Me(5))Rh(PMe(3))(C(6)H(5))(CN) (5). DFT calculations on the acetonitrile system show the barrier to C-H activation to be 4.3 kcal mol(-1) lower than the barrier to C-C activation. A high-energy intermediate was also located and found to connect the transition states leading to C-H and C-C activation. This intermediate has an agostic hydrogen interaction with the rhodium center. Reactions of acetonitrile and benzonitrile with the fragment [Tp'Rh(CNneopentyl)] show only C-H and no C-C activation. These reactions with rhodium are compared and contrasted to related reactions with [Ni(dippe)H](2), which show only C-CN bond cleavage. 相似文献