固体核磁共振技术在固体酸催化剂表征及催化反应机理研究之应用进展

固体酸催化剂广泛应用于现代石油与化学工业中,其反应活性与其酸性密切相关.与传统的酸性表征方法(红外光谱、程序升温脱附、滴定等)相比,利用先进的探针分子技术、双共振和二维相关谱等核磁共振(NMR)技术可以获取固体催化剂酸种类、酸分布、酸浓度和酸强度等完整信息.同时,原位固体NMR实验可跟踪反应分子在催化剂活性中心吸附状态和转换的中间体物种,为揭示反应机理提供了最直接的实验证据.本文详细介绍了固体NMR的原理和一系列相关新技术,着重综述了固体NMR技术在酸催化剂结构、活性中心特性以及催化反应机理方面的应用进展.     

单态卡宾与臭氧反应机理的量子化学研究

为了研究单态卡宾与臭氧反应机理,本文采用密度泛函理论Gaussian-3方法(G3B3)优化了反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的几何构型。探讨了单态卡宾与臭氧反应可能途径,并通过频率分析对过渡态和中间体进行了验证,研究结果表明：单态卡宾与臭氧反应有两条反应通道,分别具有亲核反应和亲电反应特征,相对而言亲核反应通道较易发生,且为强放热反应。     

猝发强流多脉冲电子束源物理设计

给出一台脉冲间隔100～1 000 ns、脉冲数2~5个、二极管电压3 MV、引出束流强度2.5 kA的猝发多脉冲电子束源的物理设计及初步调试结果。在设计中,采用感应叠加和阻抗匹配方案获得二极管高电压脉冲;试验中分别采用天鹅绒和大发射面储备式热阴极获得猝发多脉冲电子束。调试结果表明:采用大发射面热阴极可避免阴极等离子体产生,确保二极管在猝发多脉冲状态下稳定运行。初步调试获得大于2.7 MV猝发三脉冲二极管高压,并获得1.6 kA的三脉冲电子束流。     

Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for syngas methanation: Effect of Mn promoter

Ni/Al2O3 catalysts with different amounts of manganese ranging from 1 to 3 wt% as promoter were prepared by co-impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by N2 physisorption, XRD, TPR, SEM and TEM. Their catalytic activity towards syngas methanation reaction was also investigated using a fixed-bed integral reactor. It was demonstrated that the addition of manganese to Ni/Al2O3 catalysts can increase the catalyst surface area and average pore volume, but decrease NiO crystallite size, leading to higher activity and stability. The effects of reaction temperature, pressure and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) on carbon oxides conversion and CH4 formation rate were also studied. High carbon oxides conversion, CH4 selectivity and formation rate were achieved at the reaction temperature range of 280 300℃.     

低镍催化剂上CO和CO_2加氢反应的对比研究

采用ＣＯ和ＣＯ＿２对比加氢活性测试，ＸＲＤ及ＴＰＲ方法研究了两个不同Ｎａ助剂含量的低镍Ｎｉ／Ａｌ＿２Ｏ＿３体系的性能。实验发现，在低镍催化剂上ＣＯ＿２在较低温度下就可加氢生成甲烷，而ＣＯ则需要更高的温度，ＣＯ＿２无需先经逆变换生成ＣＯ，然后再加氢，它可直接加氢生成ＣＨ＿４。在同一催化剂上，ＣＯ＿２加氢生成ＣＨ＿４的表现活化能要低于ＣＯ加氢生成ＣＨ＿４反应的表现活化能。晶相ＮｉＯ还原后形成的活性相对ＣＯ＿２加氢反应的活性明显高于它对ＣＯ的加氢活性，非晶相镍氧化物还原后形成的活性相对ＣＯ的加氢反应特别有利。Ｎａ助剂的含量不同会造成Ｎｉ氧化物物种的分配不同，从而导致ＣＯ、ＣＯ＿２的加氢活性及其随温度的变化也不相同，催化剂对ＣＯ、ＣＯ＿２加氢反应作用的本质是不相同的。     

(13)C shielding tensors of crystalline amino acids and peptides: Theoretical predictions based on periodic structure models

Precise theoretical predictions of NMR parameters are helpful for the spectroscopic identification of complicated biological molecules, especially for the carbon shielding tensors in amino acids. The (13)C shielding tensors of various crystalline amino acids and peptides have been calculated using the gauge-including projector augmented wave (GIPAW) method based on two different periodic structure models, namely that deduced from available crystallographic data and that from theoretically optimized structures. The incorporation of surrounding lattice effects is found to be crucial in obtaining reliable predictions of (13)C shielding tensors that are comparable to the experimental data. This is accomplished by refining the experimental crystallographic data of the amino acids and peptides at the GGA/PBE level by which more accurate intramolecular C--H bond lengths and intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions are obtained. Accordingly, more accurate predictions of (13)C shielding tensors comparable to the experimental results (within a maximum deviation of +/-10 ppm) were achieved, rendering more explicit (13)C shielding tensors assignments for solid biological systems particularly for amino acids with multiple carboxyl carbons, such as asparagine, glutamine, and glutamic acid.     

Variational calculations of vibrational and vibration-rotational properties of ozone

Vibrational and vibration-rotational energy levels of ozone and its isotopic substitutes have been calculated variationally by the ladder operator method. Thirty vibrational band origins and rotational energies of vibrational ground states for these molecules have been given. The good agreement between the calculated results and the observed values shows that the calculation method is a promising one for variational studies of vibrational and vibration-rotational properties of nonlinear polyatomic molecules.     

A facile template free synthesis of porous carbon nanospheres with high capacitive performance

Porous carbon nanospheres have been widely used in different fields such as electric devices, catalysts, and water treatment. Here we will introduce a template-free process for the preparation of porous carbon nanospheres starting from a direct 3-aminophenol formaldehyde polymerization in a mixed solution. We identify that the addition of different alcohols, particularly ethanol and n-butanol, is able to change the growth habit of the polymer nanospheres and introduce a favorable inner compositional homogeneity for the preparation of porous structure. After the carbonization of the polymer nanospheres, the obtained porous carbon exhibits promising electrochemical performance when used as electrode material in super capacitor.     

Influence of temperature on the structure of liquid water

Molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out for liquid water at 7 different temperatures to understand the nature of hydrogen bonding at molecular level through the investigation of the effects of temperature on the geometry of water molecules. The changes in bond length and bond angle of water molecules from gaseous state to liquid state have been observed, and the change in the bond angle of water molecules in liquid against temperature has been revealed, which has not been seen in literature so far. The analysis of the radial distribution functions and the coordinate numbers shows that, on an average, each water molecule in liquid acts as both receptor and donor, and forms at least two hydrogen bonds with its neigbors. The analysis of the results also indicates that the water molecules form clusters in liquid.     

1,2,4,5-四嗪含氮取代基衍生物结构和性质的理论研究

在B3LYP/aug-cc-pvDZ理论水平上研究了CN,NO2,NH2,N3,N2H,NHNH2,N4H和N4H3含氮取代基取代1,2,4,5-四嗪环上的两个氢原子生成的衍乍物,预测了它们的分f构犁、分解能及含能性质.对衍生物分解能的研究结果表明.CN取代的衍生物的分解能比未取代时更高,而其余基团的取代使分解能降低.生成热的研究显示取代基化合物的生成热越大,取代1,2,4,5-四嗪中的氢原子后生成衍生物的牛成热也越大;CN,N3和N4H取代的1,2,4,5-四嗪衍生物的单位原子生成热在83.1～95.2 kJ,比文献报道的三叠氮基-均三嗪的(70.2 kJ)更高;N4H,N3,N4H3,N2H和CN取代的1,2,4,5-四嗪衍生物,生成热在904.9～1496.6 kJ·mol-1,但N4H和N4H3取代的衍生物分解能较小,稳定性较差.