Dissipation of the herbicide active ingredient glyphosate in natural water samples in the presence of biofilms

Dissipation of the herbicide active ingredient glyphosate was investigated in natural waters. To assess combined effects, glyphosate was applied in its pure form (glyphosate isopropylammonium salt) and in preparation Roundup Classic® formulated with polyethoxylated tallowamines (POEA). Standing and running surface water samples originated from Lake Balaton and River Danube between early May and mid-June of 2015. The kinetics of dissipation of glyphosate, measured by high-performance liquid chromatography combined with UV-VIS absorbance detection or tandem mass spectrometry, was investigated under laboratory conditions in aquaria with or without the presence of biofilms. The quantity and the biofilm structure of algal biomass were determined by in vivo fluorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The presence of POEA affected the dissipation of glyphosate, and dissipation profiles differed in the investigated natural waters. Significantly higher initial concentrations of glyphosate were measured in River Danube for treatment with formulated glyphosate (101.4 ± 6.2 µg L^?1), than with glyphosate alone (79.9 ± 6.6 µg L^?1), and dissipation to a residual level (57.6 ± 1.4 µg L^?1) consequently took longer (approximately by 1 day). Degradation of glyphosate from the initial level (91.24 ± 5.9 µg L^?1) in Lake Balaton was not detected. Phytotoxic effects of glyphosate, particularly if enhanced by a formulant on algal biomass, were observed. Thus, 5–18% and 11–33% of algal biomass reduction was determined in River Danube upon treatments with glyphosate and Roundup Classic®, respectively. Corresponding biomass decreases in Lake Balaton were 1.3–13% and 9–14%, respectively, accompanied by an overall decay in the algal biofilms. In River Danube, treatments resulted in the occurrence of 1.4–5.8% of green algae in the algal biomass in 28 days, while green algae were not detected in the untreated control. The results indicate that glyphosate is capable of modifying the structure of the algal community and to induce increased secretion of extracellular polymeric substances matrix in the biofilms assessed.     

聚阳离子糖缀物氢键诱导TPPS手性聚集

利用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)方法制备了亲水性嵌段聚合物聚乙二醇-b-聚甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲氨基乙酯(PEG-b-PDMAEMA),并通过季铵化反应,得到侧链接枝不同单糖分子(葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖)的聚阳离子糖缀物PEG-b-P(DMAEMA-co-DMAEMA-Sac)(Monosaccharide).研究了该聚合物与5,10,15,20-四(对磺酸基苯基)-卟啉(TPPS)在水溶液中的复合自组装行为.研究结果表明,TPPS在该组装体中以J-聚集体形式存在且显示超分子手性特征.手性信号的产生是聚合物侧链糖单元C(4)和C(5)上的羟基与TPPS通过非共价键——氢键相互作用的结果,因此手性信号方向应与糖单元构型有关.通过对比单糖构型发现,具有(4S,5R)构型的糖单元可诱导TPPS产生424 nm正Cotton效应和490 nm负Cotton效应的聚集体,具有(4R,5R)构型的糖单元可诱导TPPS产生424 nm负Cotton效应和490 nm正Cotton效应的聚集体.     

保温层结构对感应加热制备太阳能级多晶硅影响的数值模拟研究

定向凝固技术是制备太阳能级多晶硅的主要制备技术.在该技术路线之中,优化多晶铸锭炉的热场结构和控制硅熔体的对流形态是获得高品质多晶硅的有效途径之一.本文设计了三种热场保温层,通过分析不同保温层下坩埚内硅熔体的热场、流场、固液界面、氧含量等的变化,确定了优化的保温层结构.研究发现,在传统固化碳毡保温层中引入石墨层可以使多晶炉内形成两个“热源”,提高多晶炉的热效率,使其能耗降低了38.5;;在洛伦兹力的作用下硅熔体中仅存在一个上下贯通的涡流,有利于硅中杂质原子的挥发.同时,添加石墨保温层后固液界面的形状由“W”状转变为凹状,其上的氧含量有所降低,并且V/Gn值在整个固液界面范围内均大于临界值,可以有效抑制氧沉淀.可见,在感应加热多晶硅生长系统中,采用固化碳毡+石墨保温层时,有利于降低多晶硅的生产成本并提高多晶硅的品质.     

光纤模式混合器在差分吸收光谱系统中的应用研究

差分吸收光谱技术(DOAS)已经发展为监测对流层痕量气体的重要技术，一般采用光电倍增管(PMT)作为探测器.由于光电二极管阵列(PDA)在多道探测及像元灵敏性方面的优势，采用PDA代替扫描探测装置将能改善系统剩余噪声，提高系统性能.但实际应用中由于使用收发一体Cassegrain望远镜造成灯谱与大气谱结构不统一，在消除PDA像元间差异的过程中给系统带来误差，从而导致剩余噪声的标准偏差达到1.4×10^-3.根据光纤扰模原理在系统中加入自制光纤模式混合器很好的解决了上述难题，在实际应用中起到良好的作用，系统剩余噪声的标准偏差为3.4×10^-4. 关键词： 差分吸收光谱 扰模 模式混合器 剩余噪声     

不同类型细胞穿膜肽二级结构特征研究

细胞穿膜肽是一类能以受体依赖或非受体依赖方式介导胞吞作用的小分子短肽,能够携带不同分子穿过细胞膜,这一特性使细胞穿膜肽成为一种有效的运输载体,为药物靶向治疗提供了新希望.本文从生物信息角度针对不同长度区间、运输不同类型分子细胞穿膜肽之间的异同二级结构特征进行了系统研究,同时进一步对不同穿膜方式对应的细胞穿膜肽二级结构特征进行了对比研究,结果表明不同类型细胞穿膜肽之间在二级结构组成上具有不同程度差异特征,为今后揭示细胞穿膜肽相关分子结构机制奠定可靠的理论基础.     

A broadband self-powered UV photodetector of aβ-Ga2O3/γ-CuI p–n junction

The symmetric Ti/Au bi-layer point electrodes have been successfully patterned on theβ-Ga;O;films which are prepared by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD)and theγ-Cu I films which are prepared by spin-coating.The fabricated heterojunction has a large open circuit voltage(Voc)of 0.69 V,desired for achieving self-powered operation of a photodetector.Irradiated by 254-nm ultraviolet(UV)light,when the bias voltage is-5 V,the dark current(Idark)of the device is 0.47 p A,the photocurrent(Iphoto)is-50.93 n A,and the photo-to-dark current ratio(Iphoto/Idark)reaches about 1.08×10;.The device has a stable and fast response speed in different wavelengths,the rise time(τr)and decay time(τd)are 0.762 s and 1.741 s under 254-nm UV light illumination,respectively.While theτr andτd are 10.709 s and7.241 s under 365-nm UV light illumination,respectively.The time-dependent(I–t)response(photocurrent in the order of10-10 A)can be clearly distinguished at a small light intensity of 1μW·cm;.The internal physical mechanism affecting the device performances is discussed by the band diagram and charge carrier transfer theory.     

Thermal behavior and evolution of the mineral phases of Brazilian red mud

This article studied the thermal behavior and the evolution of the crystalline phases with temperature of the red mud (bauxite tailing) from an aluminum industry at Maranhão, North-Northwestern Brazil. The experiments were carried out by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (TG–DSC), Optical Dilatometry up to 1623 K, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) of previously heated samples between 523 and 1523 K. The crystalline phases and the amorphous contents were quantified on raw and heated samples (at 1523 K) according to the Rietveld Quantitative Analysis (RQA) method. The data obtained showed that the raw red mud is composed by a mixture of seven different phases (hematite, goethite, sodalite, anatase, gibbsite, calcite, and amorphous). Finally in the interval of 1023–1523 K the following crystalline phases: hematite, nepheline, sodalite, anatase, perovskite, and pseudobrookite have been observed.     

Non-Uniformity and Generalised Sacks Splitting

We show that there do not exist computable functions f ₁(e, i), f ₂(e, i), g ₁(e, i), g ₂(e, i) such that for all e, i ∈ ω, (1) $ {\left( {W_{{f_{1} {\left( {e,i} \right)}}} - W_{{f_{2} {\left( {e,i} \right)}}} } \right)} \leqslant _{{\rm T}} {\left( {W_{e} - W_{i} } \right)}; $ (2) $ {\left( {W_{{g_{1} {\left( {e,i} \right)}}} - W_{{g_{2} {\left( {e,i} \right)}}} } \right)} \leqslant _{{\rm T}} {\left( {W_{e} - W_{i} } \right)}; $ (3) $ {\left( {W_{e} - W_{i} } \right)} \not\leqslant _{{\rm T}} {\left( {W_{{f_{1} {\left( {e,i} \right)}}} - W_{{f_{2} {\left( {e,i} \right)}}} } \right)} \oplus {\left( {W_{{g_{1} {\left( {e,i} \right)}}} - W_{{g_{2} {\left( {e,i} \right)}}} } \right)}; $ (4) $ {\left( {W_{e} - W_{i} } \right)} \not\leqslant _{{\rm T}} {\left( {W_{{f_{1} {\left( {e,i} \right)}}} - W_{{f_{2} {\left( {e,i} \right)}}} } \right)}{\text{unless}}{\left( {W_{e} - W_{i} } \right)} \leqslant _{{\rm T}} {\emptyset};{\text{and}} $ (5) $ {\left( {W_{e} - W_{i} } \right)} \leqslant _{{\rm T}} {\left( {W_{{g_{1} {\left( {e,i} \right)}}} - W_{{g_{2} {\left( {e,i} \right)}}} } \right)}{\text{unless}}{\left( {W_{e} - W_{i} } \right)} \leqslant _{{\rm T}} {\emptyset}. $ It follows that the splitting theorems of Sacks and Cooper cannot be combined uniformly.     

Wilkinson's catalyst catalyzed selective hydrogenation of olefin in the presence of an aromatic nitro function: a remarkable solvent effect

Optimal conditions for chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I) (Wilkinson's catalyst) catalyzed selective saturation of a double bond in the presence of a nitro function are developed. Aryl iodide and benzyl ether are also tolerated under these hydrogenation conditions.     

Chinese interest in right-angled triangles

This paper traces briefly the discovery of the Pythagorean theorem and the contradictory views about the origin of the famous problem. The earliest evidence of the theorem goes back to a cuneiform text of the Old Babylonian period (c. 1900 to 1600 B.C.). In the East, the theorem is found to have been applied in the Sulba-sutras (c. 800 to 500 B.C.) by the Vedic Hindus, but with no geometric proof given by them. In China, a discussion of the theorem is found in the Chou-pi suan-ching (c. 5th century B.C. to 3rd century B.C.). Chao Chün-ch'ing (c. 3rd century A.D.), the first to comment on the text, gave an algebraic treatment of the theorem involving quadratic equations. This ‘proof’ of the theorem is also found in Bhaskara II's work in the 12th century A.D., giving rise to the question of possible transmission. Finally, this paper surveys Chinese interest in right-angled and similar triangles in three other old Chinese texts, namely, the Chiu-chang suan-shu, Hai-tao suan-ching and Chang Ch'iu-chien suan-ching, and concludes that Chinese interest in the right-angled triangles was mainly practical, for the purposes of surveying.