全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2349篇 |
免费 | 109篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 1742篇 |
晶体学 | 11篇 |
力学 | 44篇 |
数学 | 180篇 |
物理学 | 484篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 9篇 |
2023年 | 23篇 |
2022年 | 76篇 |
2021年 | 99篇 |
2020年 | 79篇 |
2019年 | 111篇 |
2018年 | 108篇 |
2017年 | 82篇 |
2016年 | 109篇 |
2015年 | 98篇 |
2014年 | 102篇 |
2013年 | 124篇 |
2012年 | 186篇 |
2011年 | 195篇 |
2010年 | 125篇 |
2009年 | 73篇 |
2008年 | 128篇 |
2007年 | 138篇 |
2006年 | 142篇 |
2005年 | 123篇 |
2004年 | 95篇 |
2003年 | 58篇 |
2002年 | 57篇 |
2001年 | 20篇 |
2000年 | 10篇 |
1999年 | 9篇 |
1998年 | 13篇 |
1997年 | 9篇 |
1996年 | 15篇 |
1995年 | 2篇 |
1994年 | 11篇 |
1993年 | 8篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 1篇 |
1990年 | 3篇 |
1989年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有2461条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
111.
Nanofluidics encompasses a wide range of advanced approaches to study charge and mass transport at the nanoscale. Modern technologies allow us to develop and improve artificial nanofluidic platforms that confine ions in a way similar to single-ion channels in living cells. Therefore, nanofluidic platforms show great potential to act as a test field for theoretical models. This review aims to highlight ionic Coulomb blockade (ICB)—an effect that is proposed to be the key player of ion channel selectivity, which is based upon electrostatic exclusion limiting ion transport. Thus, in this perspective, we focus on the most promising approaches that have been reported on the subject. We consider ion confinements of various dimensionalities and highlight the most recent advancements in the field. Furthermore, we concentrate on the most critical obstacles associated with these studies and suggest possible solutions to advance the field further. 相似文献
112.
Dzmitry Padhorny David R. Hall Hanieh Mirzaei Artem B. Mamonov Mohammad Moghadasi Andrey Alekseenko Dmitri Beglov Dima Kozakov 《Journal of computer-aided molecular design》2018,32(1):225-230
Fast Fourier transform (FFT) based approaches have been successful in application to modeling of relatively rigid protein–protein complexes. Recently, we have been able to adapt the FFT methodology to treatment of flexible protein–peptide interactions. Here, we report our latest attempt to expand the capabilities of the FFT approach to treatment of flexible protein–ligand interactions in application to the D3R PL-2016-1 challenge. Based on the D3R assessment, our FFT approach in conjunction with Monte Carlo minimization off-grid refinement was among the top performing methods in the challenge. The potential advantage of our method is its ability to globally sample the protein–ligand interaction landscape, which will be explored in further applications. 相似文献
113.
Marina A. Katkova Galina S. Zabrodina Evgeny V. Baranov Maria S. Muravyeva Evgeny A. Kluev Andrey S. Shavyrin Grigory Yu Zhigulin Sergey Yu Ketkov 《应用有机金属化学》2018,32(7)
The development of contrast agents specifically designed for high‐field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is required because the relaxation efficiency of classic Gd(III) contrast agents significantly decreases with increasing magnetic field strengths. With an idea of exploring the unique structure of lanthanide (Ln) 15‐MC‐5 metallacrowns, we developed a series of water‐soluble Gd(III) aqua‐complexes, bearing aminohydroxamate (glycine, α‐alanine, α‐phenylalanine and α‐tyrosine) ligands, with increasing number of water molecules directly coordinated to the Gd(III) ion: Gd(H2O)4[15‐MCCu(II)Glyha‐5](Cl)3 ( 1 (Gd)), Gd(H2O)4[15‐MCCu(II)Alaha‐5](Cl)3 ( 2 (Gd)), Gd(H2O)3[15‐MCCu(II)Phalaha‐5](Cl)3 ( 3 (Gd)) and Gd(H2O)3[15‐MCCu(II)Tyrha‐5](Cl)3 ( 4 (Gd)). In these systems, the Ln(III) central ion is coordinated by five oxygen donor atoms of the ligands and three or four inner‐sphere water molecules. The X‐ray crystal structure of metallacrown Ln(H2O)3,4[15‐MCCu(II)Rha‐5]3+ agrees with density functional theory predictions. The calculations demonstrate that the exchange of coordinated water molecules can proceed easily, resulting in increased relaxivity parameters. The longitudinal relaxivities (r1) of 1 (Gd)– 4 (Gd) in water at ultrahigh magnetic field of 9.4 T were determined to be 11.5, 14.8, 13.9 and 12.2 mM?1 s?1, respectively. The ability to increase the number of Ln(III) inner‐sphere water molecules up to four, the planar metallacrown structure and the rich hydration shell due to strong hydrogen bonds between the [15‐MC‐5] moiety and bulk water molecules provide new opportunities for potential MRI applications. 相似文献
114.
Zhen Ye Chong Lin Andrey E. Barabanov 《Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications》2007,334(1):28-42
In this paper, a class of second-order servo plants under relay feedback is studied. Complete results on the uniqueness of solutions, existence and stability of the limit cycles are established using the point transformation method. And a numerical method is developed for determining the amplitude and period of a stable limit cycle from the plant parameters. 相似文献
115.
One of modern approaches to the problem of coordination of classical mechanics and statistical physics — functional mechanics
is considered. Deviations from classical trajectories are calculated and evolution of themoments of distribution function
is constructed. The relation between the received results and absence of the Poincaré-Zermelo paradox in functional mechanics
is discussed. Destruction of periodicity of movement in functional mechanics is shown and decrement of attenuation for classical
invariants of movement on a trajectory of functional mechanical averages is calculated. 相似文献
116.
Denis A. Knyazkov Artëm M. Dmitriev Oleg P. Korobeinichev Ksenia N. Osipova Gianmaria Pio Andrey G. Shmakov Ernesto Salzano 《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2021,38(2):2467-2475
The knowledge of the combustion chemistry of oxygenated fuels is essential for the development of detailed kinetic mechanisms suitable for the combustion processes involving biofuels. Moreover, epoxidized olefins, are increasingly used as chemical intermediates or as bulk chemicals. Nevertheless, a dearth of data for their reactivity in the oxidative environment can be observed in the current literature. This study reports the experimental and the model characterization of the flame structure of propylene oxide at stoichiometric and fuel-rich conditions at atmospheric pressure. To this aim, the species mole fractions in three premixed flames stabilized on a flat-flame burner have been quantitatively measured by using the flame sampling molecular beam mass spectrometry. Three chemical kinetic mechanisms retrieved from the current literature involving propylene oxide chemistry have been validated against the novel experimental data. In general, the predictions appeared to be in satisfactory agreement with measurements except for acetaldehyde and ketene. The rate of production analysis in the flame has shown that the discrepancies observed for these species are related basically to the incorrect ratio between the rates of primary reaction pathways of propylene oxide destruction. 相似文献
117.
Hongkang Wang Yu Wang Stephen V. Kershaw Tak Fu Hung Jun Xu Andrey L. Rogach 《Particle & Particle Systems Characterization》2013,30(4):332-337
Fluorinated Eu‐doped SnO2 nanostructures with tunable morphology (shuttle‐like and ring‐like) are prepared by a hydrothermal method, using NaF as the morphology controlling agent. X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy are used to characterize their phase, shape, lattice structure, composition, and element distribution. The data suggest that Eu3+ ions are uniformly embedded into SnO2 nanocrystallites either through substitution of Sn4+ ions or through formation of Eu‐F bonds, allowing for high‐level Eu3+ doping. Photoluminescence features such as transition intensity ratios and Stark splitting indicate diverse localization of Eu3+ ions in the SnO2 nanoparticles, either in the crystalline lattice or in the grain boundaries. Due to formation of Eu‐F and Sn‐F bonds, the fluorinated surface of SnO2 nanocrystallites efficiently inhibits the hydroxyl quenching effect, which accounts for their improved photoluminescence intensity. 相似文献
118.
We analyze nonlinear collective effects in periodic systems with multigap transmission spectra such as light in waveguide arrays or Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices. We reveal that the interband interactions in nonlinear periodic structures can be efficiently managed by controlling their geometry. We predict novel types of discrete vector solitons supported by nonlinear coupling between different band gaps and study their stability. 相似文献
119.
During stress-induced transformation NiTi shows a distinct generation of transformation bands. A simple one-dimensional model for superelastic NiTi wires has been developed to show exemplarily methods to account for these bands in plasticitybased models. To clarify the dependence of the transformation bands on the distribution of latent heat and therefore on the mechanical behaviour, optical and thermographical experiments have been performed. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献
120.
Pump spectral linewidth influence on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and self‐termination behavior of SRS in liquids 下载免费PDF全文
The threshold, temporal behavior, and conversion efficiency of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SBS) in three liquids (benzene, hexane, and dimethyl sulfoxide) and two crystals (calcite and barium nitrate) have been investigated under three largely different spectral linewidth conditions. Pumped with 532‐nm and nanosecond duration laser pulses of ≤ 0.01 cm?1 linewidth, only SBS can be generated in all tested liquids with a high nonlinear reflectivity. However when the pump spectral linewidth is ~0.07 cm?1 or ~0.8 cm?1, both SBS and SRS can be observed in benzene while only SRS can be generated in dimethyl sulfoxide; in all these cases SRS is the dominant contribution to the stimulated scattering but the efficiency values are drastically decreased due to the self‐termination behavior of SRS in liquids, which arises from the thermal self‐defocusing of both pump beam and SRS beam owing to Stokes‐shift related opto‐heating effect. In contrast, for SRS process in the two crystals, the thermal self‐defocusing influence is negligible benefitting from their much greater thermal conductivity, and a higher conversion efficiency of SRS generation can be retained under all three pump conditions.