The effect of methanol on the self reaction of HO2 radicals

The rate constant for the HO₂ self reaction has been determined as a function of methanol vapor concentration at 278 K and 299 K. A molecular modulation technique was used in which HO₂ radicals were photochemically produced in flowing gas mixtures comprised of Cl₂, CH₃OH, N₂ and O₂ with HO₂ monitored in the UV at 220 nm. A positive linear dependence of the second order rate constant on methanol concentration was found and this effect increased with decreasing temperature. The rate constant for the HO₂ self reaction can be described by in nitrogen at atmospheric pressure and in the methanol concentration range 1 · 10¹⁶ to 3 · 10¹⁷ molecules cm^?3.     

The initial growth of Au on GaAs(001)-c(4 × 4)

The metal growth when depositing a monolayer (ML) of Au at 200° C on MBE-grown surfaces of GaAs(001)-c(4 × 4) was studied by AES and RHEED. The surface interaction can be characterized to proceed in two stages depending on the surface coverage of Au. At a coverage of less than 0.3 ML the gold atoms are mainly dispersed on the surface with a small in depth diffusion. Above 0.4 ML there is a rapid intermixing and a tendency of arsenic accumulation to the surface.     

Sum rules for the vertex function from local commutativity (III) Relations applicable to the time-ordered and anti-time-ordered boundary values of the vertex function

A set of sum rules, independent of the ones presented in two earlier papers [1, 2], are derived from the analyticity properties of the vertex function proved by Källén and Wightman [3]. The sum rules are applicable to the time-ordered and anti-time-ordered boundary values. In an explicit example it is shown how the relations can be combined to re-derive an earlier result [2] by different methods.     

Observation of proton emission following thermal neutron capture in 34.5 d 84Rb

Using a target prepared by on-line isotope separation, thermal neutron capture in ⁸⁴Rb (I^π = 2^?) has been shown to induce proton emission to the ground state (0⁺) and first excited state (2⁺) of ⁸⁴Kr. The branching ratio was measured as $\text{Γ}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>p</mtext>}}\text{(0}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)}\text{Γ}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>p</mtext>}}\text{(2}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)}\text{= 4.7 ± 0.7}$, favouring a $\text{3}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$ assignment of the capturing state without excluding $\text{5}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$, and the (n_th, p) cross section as 12 ± 2 b. The energy available for the process was determined to be 3.45 ± 0.01 MeV, in agreement with other mass data in the region.     

Increased sensitivity and reproducibility through signal averaging in ranges near an instrumental limit of detection

Summary The application of a new multifunction low-cost signal averager which can be coupled to a variety of instruments is described. As examples such diverse fields as flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy of Tl traces and anodic stripping analysis of Cd in rock samples are investigated. In both cases the instrumental limit of detection can be significantly lowered through the improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio obtained after digital averaging. Even extremely fast signals can be handled, allowing a large number of repetitive scans within a relatively short amount of time. The signal-to-noise improvement is, within certain limits, proportional to n^1/2, where n is the number of repetitive measurements. The benefit of a special feature — subtraction of one signal-time curve from another — is demonstrated for the case of background correction. This low-priced averager is particularly valuable in all situations where fast signals are involved and no electronic damping of the amplifier can be tolerated; here it functions as an averaging transient recorder (or storage oscilloscope).

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Erhöhte Empfindlichkeit und Reproduzierbarkeit durch Signal-Mittelwertrechnung in Bereichen nahe einer instrumentellen NachweisgrenzeSpurenbestimmung von Thallium und Cadmium in Gesteinsproben

Zusammenfassung Es wird der Einsatz eines neuen multifunktionellen preiswerten Signal-Mittelwertrechners, der an eine Vielzahl von Geräten angeschlossen werden kann, beschrieben. Als Beispiele werden so unterschiedliche Einsatzbereiche wie die flammenlose Atomabsorptions-Spektroskopie von Tl-Spuren und die inverse Voltammetrie von Cd-Spuren in geochemischen Proben näher untersucht. In beiden Fällen kann eine instrumenteil bedingte Nachweisgrenze wegen des verbesserten Signal-Rausch-Verhältnisses durch die Mittelwertsbildung des digitalisierten Signals entscheidend gesenkt werden. Es können sogar extrem kurze Signale verarbeitet werden. Dies ermöglicht die Mitteilung über viele Wiederholungsläufe innerhalb einer relativ kurzen Zeit. Die Verbesserung des Signal-Rausch-Verhältnisses ist innerhalb gewisser Grenzen proportional zu n^1/2, mit n als Anzahl der Wiederholungsmessungen. Der Vorteil einer besonderen Möglichkeit — Subtraktion einer Signal-Zeit-Kurve von einer anderen — wird im Hinblick auf eine elegante Untergrundkompensation hin demonstriert. Dieser preiswerte Mittelwertsrechner ist besonders vorteilhaft in allen Fällen einsetzbar, wo schnelle Signale auftreten und daher keine elektronische Dämpfung des Verstärkers tolerierbar ist; in diesen Fällen funktioniert der Rechner wie ein mittelnder Transienten-Schreiber (oder Speicher-Oscillograph).

Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Fritz Umland on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Photochemistry of the anthracene chromophore: novel isomerization of 1-(9-anthryl)-2-benzoylethylenes

Photoexcited cis-1-(9-anthryl)2-benzoylethylenes undergo a novel type of isomerization by skeletal rearrangement to give furano-annelated 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptenes.