全文获取类型
收费全文 | 5129篇 |
免费 | 244篇 |
国内免费 | 23篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 4364篇 |
晶体学 | 28篇 |
力学 | 42篇 |
数学 | 497篇 |
物理学 | 465篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 49篇 |
2022年 | 105篇 |
2021年 | 229篇 |
2020年 | 153篇 |
2019年 | 135篇 |
2018年 | 88篇 |
2017年 | 99篇 |
2016年 | 196篇 |
2015年 | 200篇 |
2014年 | 206篇 |
2013年 | 327篇 |
2012年 | 408篇 |
2011年 | 447篇 |
2010年 | 299篇 |
2009年 | 275篇 |
2008年 | 350篇 |
2007年 | 359篇 |
2006年 | 281篇 |
2005年 | 279篇 |
2004年 | 221篇 |
2003年 | 180篇 |
2002年 | 158篇 |
2001年 | 42篇 |
2000年 | 35篇 |
1999年 | 38篇 |
1998年 | 23篇 |
1997年 | 34篇 |
1996年 | 27篇 |
1995年 | 23篇 |
1994年 | 9篇 |
1993年 | 12篇 |
1992年 | 10篇 |
1991年 | 12篇 |
1990年 | 9篇 |
1989年 | 4篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1987年 | 9篇 |
1986年 | 6篇 |
1985年 | 7篇 |
1984年 | 14篇 |
1983年 | 8篇 |
1982年 | 6篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1968年 | 1篇 |
1967年 | 1篇 |
1965年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有5396条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
Huertas-Pérez JF del Olmo Iruela M García-Campaña AM González-Casado A Sánchez-Navarro A 《Journal of chromatography. A》2006,1102(1-2):280-286
In this paper, a multiresidue method for the analysis in soils of metribuzin (M) and its major conversion products, deaminometribuzin (DA), diketometribuzin (DK) and deaminodiketometribuzin (DADK) is developed. Considering the neutral and charged nature of the molecules, micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) is a very efficient method for the separation of these compounds, providing high efficiency and short analysis times. Different electrophoretic parameters were studied to optimize the separation, such as the buffer pH and concentration, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) concentration, injection conditions and applied voltage. Excellent separation of the studied compounds was achieved within about 7 min. Soil samples were previously extracted using methanol in an ultrasonic bath and then a SPE procedure was applied to pre-concentrate the analytes by passage through a LiChrolut EN sorbent column. Detection limits at the low microgkg(-1) level were obtained. The proposed method has been satisfactorily applied in soil samples showing recoveries ranging from 86.7% to 104.2% and represents a valuable alternative to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 相似文献
992.
Vieira DB Pacheco LF Carmona-Ribeiro AM 《Journal of colloid and interface science》2006,294(1):240-247
Catanionic surfactants result from the pairing of oppositely charged amphiphilic molecules, forming a new class of surfactant molecules with various interesting lyotropic and thermotropic properties. With the aim of probing the role of both headgroup chemical nature/structure and molecular shape, a series of catanionic surfactants were synthesized. The cationic portion of the molecule is kept constant, being the dioctadecyldimethylammonium double chain. Different single-chained surfactants with varying headgroups and chain lengths are used as the anionic pair. The thermotropic behavior has been studied by DSC and the mesophase structural investigated by polarized light microscopy. The results indicate that, for a given chain length, parameters such as headgroup polarity and charge density, as well as volume, influence the catanionic surfactant behavior. The thermodynamic parameters are qualitatively evaluated, considering the headgroup chemical nature and the overall molecular structure. 相似文献
993.
Thiophenyl-derivatized nitrobenzoic acid ligands have been evaluated as possible sensitizers of Eu(III) and Tb(III) luminescence. The resulting solution and solid-state species were isolated and characterized by luminescence spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The Eu(III) complex with 2-nitro-3-thiophen-3-yl-benzoic acid, 1, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 28.569(3) A, b = 17.7726(18) A, c = 17.7073(18) A, beta= 126.849(2) degrees, and V = 7194.6(13) A3. The Tb(III) complex with this ligand, 2, is isostructural, and its cell parameters are a = 29.755(6) A, b = 18.123(4) A, c = 19.519(4) A, beta= 130.35(3) degrees, and V = 8021(3) A3. Eu(III) crystallizes with 3-nitro-2-thiophen-3-yl-benzoic acid as a triclinic complex, 3, in the space group P1 with a = 11.045(2) A, b = 12.547(3) A, c = 15.500(3) A, alpha = 109.06(3)degrees, beta = 94.79(3) degrees, gamma = 107.72(3) degrees. and V = 1893.5(7) A3. With the ligand 5-nitro-2-thiophen-3-yl-benzoic acid, Eu(III) yields another molecular compound, 4, triclinic P1, with a = 10.649(2) A, b = 14.009(3) A, c = 15.205(3) A, alpha= 112.15(3) degrees, beta = 100.25(3) degrees, gamma = 106.96(3) degrees, and V = 1900.5(7) A3. All compounds dissolve in water and methanol, and the methanolic solutions are luminescent. The solution species have a metal ion-to-ligand ratio of 1:1. The quantum yields have been determined to be in the range of 0.9-3.1% for Eu(III) and 4.7-9.8% for Tb(III). The highest values of these correspond to the most intense luminescence reported for Ln(III) solutions with this type of sensitizer. The lifetimes of luminescence are in the range of 248.3-338.9 micros for Eu(III) and 208.6-724.9 micros for Tb(III). The stability constants are in the range of log 11 = 2.73-4.30 for Eu(III) and 3.34-4.18 for Tb(III) and, along with the energy migration pathways, are responsible for the reported efficiency of sensitization. 相似文献
994.
Navaza AP Montes-Bayón M LeDuc DL Terry N Sanz-Medel A 《Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS》2006,41(3):323-331
The accumulation of As and Cd in Brassica juncea plants and the formation of complexes of these elements with bioligands such as glutathione and/or phytochelatins (PCs) is studied. The genetic manipulation of these plants to induce higher As and Cd accumulation has been achieved by overexpressing the genes encoding for gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase (gamma-ECS) and glutathione synthetase (GS). These two enzymes are responsible for glutathione (GSH) formation in plants, which is the first step in the production of PCs. The biomass produced in both the wild type and the genetically modified plants, has been evaluated. Additionally, the total Cd and As concentration accumulated in the plant tissues was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after extraction. Speciation studies on the extracts were conducted using size exclusion liquid chromatography (SEC) coupled online with ICP-MS to monitor As, Cd and S. For further purification of the As fractions, reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used. Structural elucidation of the PCs and other thiols, as well as their complexes with As and Cd, was performed by electrospray-quadrupole-time-of-flight (ESI-Q-TOF). In both the Cd and As exposed plants it was possible to observe the presence of oxidized PC2 ([M + H]+, m/z 538), GS-PC2(-Glu) ([M + H]+, m/z 716) as well as reduced GSH ([M + H]+, m/z 308) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ([M + H]+, m/z 613). However, only the GS plants exhibited the presence of As(GS)3 complex ([M + H]+, m/z 994) that was further confirmed by MS/MS. This species is reported for the first time in B. juncea plant tissues. 相似文献
995.
Antonio Antiñolo Antonio Otero Sanjiv Prashar Ana M. Rodríguez 《Journal of organometallic chemistry》2006,691(13):2924-2932
The dialkyl complexes, (R = Pri, R′ = Me (2a), CH2Ph (3a); R = Bun, R′ = Me (2b), CH2Ph (3b); R = But, R′ = Me (2c), CH2Ph (3c); R = Ph, R′ = Me (2d), CH2Ph (3d)), have been synthesized by the reaction of the ansa-metallocene dichloride complex, [Zr{R(H)C(η5-C5Me4)(η5-C5H4)}Cl2] (R = Pri (1a), Bun (1b), But (1c), Ph (1d)), and two molar equivalents of the alkyl Gringard reagent. The insertion reaction of the isocyanide reagent, CNC6H3Me2-2,6, into the zirconium-carbon σ-bond of 2 gave the corresponding η2-iminoacyl derivatives, [Zr{R(H)C(η5-C5Me4)(η5-C5H4)}{η2-MeCNC6H3Me2-2,6}Me] (R = Pri (4a), Bun (4b), But (4c), Ph (4d)). The molecular structures of 1b, 1c and 3b have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. 相似文献
996.
This paper presents a simple, fast and sensitive method to determine chromic oxide (used as a biological marker of fish feed) in samples of fish feces by GFAAS through the direct introduction of slurries of the samples into the spectrometer's graphite tube. The standard samples of feces and of fish feed containing 0.10-1.00 mg kg−1 of Cr2O3 were pre-frozen for 1 min in liquid nitrogen and then ground a cryogenic mill for 2 min, which reduced the samples’ grain size to less than 60 μm. The standard slurries were prepared by mixing 20 mg of standard samples of fish feed or feces with 1 mL of a solution containing 0.05% (v/v) of Triton X-100 and 0.50% (v/v) of suprapure HNO3 directly in the spectrometer's automatic sampling glass. The final concentrations of Cr2O3 present in the standard slurries were 2, 4, 8, 16 and 20 μg L−1. After sonicating the mixture for 20 s, 10 μL of standard slurries were injected into the graphite tube, whose internal wall was lined with a metallic palladium film that acted as a permanent chemical modifier. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) calculated for 20 readings of the blank of the standard slurries (2%, m/v of feces or feed devoid of minerals) were 0.81 and 2.70 μg L−1 of Cr2O3 for the standard feces slurries, 0.84 and 2.83 μg L−1 of Cr2O3 for the standard feed slurries. The proposed method was applied in studies of nutrient digestibility of different fish feeds and its results proved compatible with the results obtained from samples pre-mineralized by acid digestion. 相似文献
997.
The validation of an analytical procedure means the evaluation of some performance criteria such as accuracy, sensitivity, linear range, capability of detection, selectivity, calibration curve, etc. This implies the use of different statistical methodologies, some of them related with statistical regression techniques, which may be robust or not. The presence of outlier data has a significant effect on the determination of sensitivity, linear range or capability of detection amongst others, when these figures of merit are evaluated with non-robust methodologies.In this paper some of the robust methods used for calibration in analytical chemistry are reviewed: the Huber M-estimator; the Andrews, Tukey and Welsh GM-estimators; the fuzzy estimators; the constrained M-estimators, CM; the least trimmed squares, LTS. The paper also shows that the mathematical properties of the least median squares (LMS) regression can be of great interest in the detection of outlier data in chemical analysis. A comparative analysis is made of the results obtained by applying these regression methods to synthetic and real data. There is also a review of some applications where this robust regression works in a suitable and simple way that proves very useful to secure an objective detection of outliers. The use of a robust regression is recommended in ISO 5725-5. 相似文献
998.
The Schlieren effect is a consequence of light inflexions altering the spectrophotometric measurements that are due to the formation of optical artefacts such as mirror and lenses inside the flowing sample. It may influence signal-to-noise ratio, sample throughput and measurement repeatability in spectrophotometric flow-based procedures. It was critically examined, in order to provide guidelines for system design. Results demonstrate that the magnitude of the Schlieren effect is governed by the combined influence of two components. The first is related to loss of light by reflection at sharp liquid interfaces and prevails under poor mixing conditions. In this situation the transmitted light becomes more intense and somewhat erratic. The second is related to light refraction in regions with pronounced refractive index gradients, and prevails under good mixing conditions. It can lead to positive or negative modifications of the transmitted light, the direction being dependent on the relevance of these components. The importance of the solubility of the chemical species involved, the possibility of interactions with the inner wall of the tubing, and the feasibility of dual-wavelength spectrophotometry for compensating purposes are discussed. 相似文献
999.
Six new 4,4′-substituted biphenyl coronands have been prepared. The ligands containing dimethylamino groups in the biphenyl moiety have been used in transition metal cations’ complexation and one of them (3) has demonstrated to be a selective fluorescent sensor for mercury. Stoichiometries of the formed complexes and complexation constants have been determined by titration experiments. In addition, the extractant ability of some ligands has also been studied. Finally, the electrochemical properties of some of these ligands are also described. 相似文献
1000.
Fondo M Ocampo N García-Deibe AM Vicente R Corbella M Bermejo MR Sanmartín J 《Inorganic chemistry》2006,45(1):255-262
Reaction of nickel(II) acetate with H(3)L (2-(5-bromo-2-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3-bis[4-(5-bromo-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-azabut-3-enyl]-1,3-imidazolidine) yields [Ni(2)L(OAc)(H(2)O)(2)].3MeCN.2H(2)O (1.3MeCN.2H(2)O), crystallographically characterized. 1 is unstable in solution for a long time and hydrolyzes to give [Ni(2)L(o-OC(6)H(3)BrCHO)(H(2)O)].2.25MeCN.H(2)O (2.2.25MeCN.H(2)O). In addition, 1 uptakes CO(2) from air in a basic methanol/acetonitrile solution, yielding [[Ni(2)L(MeOH)](2)(CO(3))].1.5MeOH.MeCN.H(2)O (3.1.5MeOH.MeCN.H(2)O). The X-ray characterization of 3 reveals that it is a tetranuclear nickel cluster, which can be considered as the result of a self-assembly process from two dinuclear [Ni(2)L](+) blocks, joined by a mu(4)-eta(2):eta(2)-O,O carbonate ligand. The coordination mode of the carbonate anion is highly unusual and, to the best of our knowledge, it has not been described thus far for first-row transition metal complexes or magnetically studied until now. Magnetic characterization of 1 and 3 shows net intramolecular ferromagnetic coupling between the metal atoms in both cases, with S = 2 and S = 4 ground states for 1 and 3, respectively. 相似文献