Game theoretic analysis of negotiations under bankruptcy

We extend the contingent claims framework for the levered firm in explicitly modelling the resolution of financial distress under formal bankruptcy as a non-cooperative game between claimants under the supervision of the bankruptcy judge. The identity of the class of claimants proposing the first reorganization plan is found to be a key determinant of the time spent under bankruptcy, the likelihood of liquidation and the renegotiated value of claims. Our quantitative results confirm the economic intuition that a bankruptcy design must trade-off the initial priority of claims with the viability of reorganized firms.     

Spectroscopic characterization,thermogravimetry, density functional theory and biological studies of some mixed‐ligand complexes of meloxicam and 2,2′‐bipyridine with some transition metals

The mixed‐ligand Mn(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Zr(IV) complexes of meloxicam (H₂mel) and 2,2′‐bipyridine (Bipy) were prepared and characterized. For all complexes, the analytical and spectroscopic results revealed that H₂mel acts in a monobasic bidentate manner through the oxygen of the amide and nitrogen of the thiazole groups, whereas Bipy coordinates through the two nitrogen atoms with slightly distorted octahedral geometry. Thermodynamic parameters (E, ΔS^*, ΔH^* and ΔG^*) were calculated using Coats–Redfern and Horowitz–Metzger methods. The geometries of H₂mel and the complexes were carefully studied using density functional theory to predict the properties of materials performed using the hybrid density functional method B3LYP. All studied complexes are soft with respect to H₂mel where η varies from 0.096 for Zn(II) complex to 0.067 for Fe(III) complex and σ varies from 10.42 to 14.93 eV, while η and σ for H₂mel are 0.14 and 7.14 eV, respectively. The antibacterial activities of the ligands and metal complexes were investigated and the data show that the complexes are active against some bacterial species compared with H₂mel.     

Molecular Imprints Frozen by Strong Intermolecular Interactions in Place of Cross-Linking

A new way to freeze molecular imprints in a polymer material is reported. So far, molecular imprinted polymers (MIP) involve copolymerization of a functional monomer and large amounts of cross-linking agent, which keeps the template shape memory in rigid molecular imprints. MIP materials are prepared herein without cross-linking agent. Stiff chains of polyaniline grafted on a solid support as a brush-like material achieve the necessary rigidity. Differential adsorption to imprinted and non-imprinted materials provides evidence of molecular imprints. A correct adsorption isotherm for mobile adsorbed layers (Volmer isotherm) is introduced instead of the popular but inadequate Langmuir isotherm. Non-selective adsorption is entropic, whereas adsorption to molecular imprints has an enthalpic contribution coming from specific interactions. Fast adsorption kinetics are a definite benefit with regards to applications such as chromatographic separations and chemical sensors.     

Eremophilane esters of Robinsonecio gerberifolius and their rearranged products. Study of the coupling constants (2)J(H, H), (3)J(H, H) and (4)J(H, H)

In the course of the basic hydrolysis of four eremophilane esters isolated from Robinsonecio gerberifolius, some rearrangements, eliminations, and additions occurred. Five compounds were obtained, three of them not previously described. Additionally, a new sesquiterpene was produced by autooxidation of compound 1. The (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra of these compounds were completely assigned by utilization of HMQC, HMBC, COSY, DEPT, and NOESY techniques. The long-range coupling constants of the peroxide 10 are reported, and all its coupling constants (2)J(H, H), (3)J(H, H), and (4)J(H, H) are calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory. Their magnitude is explained in terms of electronic delocalization and the additivity of stereoelectronic effects.     

Amperometric Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide and its Mathematical Simulation for Horseradish Peroxidase Immobilized on a Sonogel Carbon Electrode

A mathematical model of a horseradish peroxidase biosensor was applied to simulate the amperometric response for the detection of hydrogen peroxide. The development of the mathematical model was based on the Michaelis–Menten equation and Fick’s Second Law. The theoretical study is based on the determination of physico-chemical and geometric parameters of a horseradish peroxidase biosensor as well as the kinetic parameters of reaction mechanism such as diffusion coefficients of hydrogen peroxide, the thickness of enzymatic layer, and the Michaelis–Menten kinetic constant. The theoretical analysis provides an accurate estimate of parameters affecting the biosensor performance such as the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen peroxide in the biomembrane that was estimated to be 56?×?10^?12 m²/s. The thickness of diffusion layer was estimated to be 80–100?µm and the biomembrane 7.5?µm. The experimental and numerical values of kinetic parameters were 0.92 and 0.98?µM for the Michaelis–Menten constants and 0.010 and 0.012?µM/s for the catalytic activity rates. The model was validated for hydrogen peroxide detection and exhibited a good agreement with the experimental measurements.     

Utility of Benzoxazin‐4‐one and 3‐Aminoquinazolin‐4‐one Derivatives as Precursors for Construction of Potent Insecticidal Heterocycles

In demanding to develop new insecticidal agents, both of 2‐pentylbenzoxazin‐4‐one 1 and 3‐amino‐2‐pentylquinazolin‐4‐one 6 derivatives were subjected to react with different nucleophilic agents, for example, ammonia, o‐phenylenediamine, hydrazine hydrate, and hydroxylamine hydrochloride, and sulfur nucleophile, for example, phosphorous pentasulfide, to construct different heterocyclic systems. The structural elucidations of the synthesized compounds were ascertained from the elemental analyses and the spectral data. Assessment of the biological potency for some of the synthesized compounds as insecticidal agents was evaluated against two different insects named Mythimna separata and Nilaparvata lugens.     

Greenness assessment of a stability indicating simple inexpensive high-performance thin-layer chromatography–dual wavelength method for simultaneous determination of mometasone furoate and salicylic acid in complex matrix using analytical eco-scale

A stability-indicating validated high-performance thin-layer chromatography method was performed for the determination of mometasone furoate (MM) and salicylic acid (SLY), simultaneously within the concentration range of 0.1–1.6 μg/band for MM and 0.4–5 μg/band for SLY. This method was developed to assay the investigated drugs in the presence of their degradation products by alkaline, acidic, neutral, photolytic, and oxidative degradation. Separation was achieved using dual wavelength system, 250 nm for MM and 300 nm for SLY, with mobile phase composed of chloroform–ethanol (9:1, %v/v) and stationary phase of aluminum plates pre-coated with silica gel 60 F₂₄₅. The proposed method is well used for the assay and separation of MM and SLY in pure form and Elicasal^® ointment. The developed method has many advantages such as being rapid, selective and inexpensive. Such advantages promote the suggested method for the high throughput assay of MM and SLY mixture, in pure form and topical preparation. The developed method was validated according to the International Council for Harmonisation guidelines, in terms of linearity, limits of detection and quantification, precision, accuracy, robustness, and specificity. Assessment of greenness has been performed depending on analytical eco-scale approach.

     

Gamma-radiation induced decolorization and degradation on aqueous solutions of Indigo Carmine dye

Cesium uptake by natural zeolite clinoptilolite from Bulgaria was studied using batch technique and model solutions. The optimal conditions of interaction were determined. The pseudo-second-order rate model better describes the kinetic data obtained at different concentrations. The intraparticle diffusion and the surface diffusion models were tested to identify the rate-controlling step. The sites in the structure of clinoptilolite that are preferable for exchange were studied by application of Rietveld structural approach and the sequence of site occupation by cesium was followed. The Langmuir isotherm model provides a good fit of the equilibrium experimental data. The thermodynamic parameters for the system were calculated.