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971.
We propose a thermodynamic framework for describing the microwave drying process of aqueous dielectrics based on Maxwell-Lorentz Field equations and mixture theory. Several issues are discussed such as the form of entropy equation; the constitutive relations for the macroscopic electric polarization vectors, Cauchy stresses, heat fluxes, internal momentum supplies, etc., for each component of the mixture: porous solid, water and gas in different regions; and the interfacial jump conditions between different regions in the mixture. A brief examination of the status of material frame indifference within the context of our framework is presented. 相似文献
972.
Z.X. Cheng S.J. ZhangF. Song H.C. GuoJ.R. Han H.C. Chen 《Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids》2002,63(11):2011-2017
Erbium and ytterbium codoped double tungstates NaY(WO4)2 crystals were prepared by using Czochralski (CZ) pulling method. The absorption spectra in the region 290-2000 nm have been recorded at room temperature. The Judd-Ofelt theory was applied to the measured values of absorption line strengths to evaluate the spontaneous emission probabilities and stimulated emission cross sections of Er3+ ions in NaY(WO4)2 crystals. Intensive green and red lights were measured when the sample were pumped by a 974 nm laser diode (LD), especially, the intensities of green upconversion luminescence are very strong. The mechanism of energy transfer from Yb3+ to Er3+ ions was analyzed. Energy transfer and nonradiative relaxation played an important role in the upconversion process. Photoexcited luminescence experiments are also fulfilled to help analyzing the transit processes of the energy levels. 相似文献
973.
A control volume type numerical methodology for the analysis of steady three‐dimensional rotating flows with heat transfer, in both laminar and turbulent conditions, is implemented and experimentally tested. Non‐axisymmetric momentum and heat transfer phenomena are allowed for. Turbulent transport is alternatively represented through three existing versions of the k–ε model that were adjusted to take into account the turbulence anisotropy promoted by rotation, streamline curvature and thermal buoyancy. Their relative performance is evaluated by comparison of calculated local and global heat balances with those obtained through measurements in a laboratory device. A modified version of the Lam and Bremhorst, low Reynolds number model is seen to give the best results. A preliminary analysis focused on the flow structure and the transfer of heat is reported. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
974.
F. Sibel Salman Jayant R. Kalagnanam Sesh Murthy Andrew Davenport 《Journal of Heuristics》2002,8(2):215-239
For hard optimization problems, it is difficult to design heuristic algorithms which exhibit uniformly superior performance for all problem instances. As a result it becomes necessary to tailor the algorithms based on the problem instance. In this paper, we introduce the use of a cooperative problem solving team of heuristics that evolves algorithms for a given problem instance. The efficacy of this method is examined by solving six difficult instances of a bicriteria sparse multiple knapsack problem. Results indicate that such tailored algorithms uniformly improve solutions as compared to using predesigned heuristic algorithms. 相似文献
975.
Summary Measurements have been made of the sea-level size spectrum of cosmic-ray showers at a number of zenith angles and the relationship
between shower size and atmospheric depth has been derived for a number of integral cosmic-ray fluxes. These measurements
extend the available data to ∼ 1400 g·cm−2 and emphasize the discrepancy between measurements made on Mt. Chacaltaya and those made at other observatories.
Riassunto Sono state fatte misurazioni dello spettro delle dimensioni a livello del mare di sciami di raggi cosmici ad un certo numero di angoli zenitali ed è stata dedotta la relazione tra la grandezza dello sciame e la profondità atmosferica per un certo numero di flussi integrali di raggi cosmici. Queste misurazioni estendono i dati disponibili a∼1400 g·cm−2 ed evidenziano la discrepanza tra le misurazioni fatte sul Monte Chalcaltaya e quelle di altri osservatori.
Резюме Проводятся измерения спектра размеров ливней космических лучей на уровне моря при различных зенитных углах и соотношения между размером ливня и толщиной атмосферы для ряда интегральных потоков космических лучей. Эти измерения уточняют имеющиеся данные до толщии∼1400 г·см−2. Отмечается расхождение между измерениями, проведенными на горе Чакалтайа, и измерениями в других обсерваториях.相似文献
976.
A differential equation is obtained that describes the change in the energy of a charged particle in the field of a slow wave (with phase velocity not equal to unity) as a function of the distance traversed. Analysis of this equation yields the amplitude and period of the change in the particle's energy.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 2, pp. 97–102, February, 1981. 相似文献
977.
The effects of stimulus frequency and intensity on response patterns (PST histograms) to tone burst stimulation were examined in differently tuned saccular fibers of the goldfish. In addition, the sensitivity of these fibers to amplitude-modulated (AM) signals of different carrier frequencies was measured. The response patterns evoked by unmodulated signals were a complex function of tuning, spontaneous activity and sensitivity of the fiber, and the frequency and intensity of the signal. Frequency-dependent response patterns were found in low-frequency fibers with best frequencies (BF) below 200 Hz. Responses in these fibers ranged from tonic to phasic in nonspontaneous fibers and included more complex patterns in spontaneously active fibers, such as suppression of evoked activity below spontaneous levels. Midfrequency fibers (BF = 500-600 Hz) showed responses similar to those in low-frequency fibers, but with less dependence on frequency. In contrast, both high-frequency (BF = 800-1000 Hz) and wideband, untuned fibers showed frequency-invariant patterns of adaptation. High-frequency fibers were equally sensitive to AM signals at all frequencies tested. The sensitivity of low-frequency fibers to AM, however, increased as a function of carrier frequency and corresponded to the degree of adaptation in response to unmodulated tones. In general, the AM sensitivity of a fiber could be predicted more by its pattern of response to unmodulated signals than by its tuning characteristics. 相似文献
978.
C. R. Bector S. Chandra M. K. Bector 《Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications》1989,60(2):243-260
Using a parametric approach, duality is presented for a minimax fractional programming problem that involves several ratios in the objective function.The first author is thankful to Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada for financial support through Grant A-5319, and the authors are thankful to the anonymous referees for useful suggestions. 相似文献
979.
The convergent iterative procedure for solving the groundstate Schr?dinger
equation is extended to derive the excitation energy and the wavefunction of the
low-lying excited states. The method is applied to the one-dimensional quartic
potential problem. The results show that the iterative solution converges rapidly
when the coupling g is not too small. 相似文献
980.
Steve Tisserand Célia Billaud J.R. Falck Charles Mioskowski 《Tetrahedron letters》2006,47(29):5177-5180
CrCl2-mediated condensation of γ-chloro-gem-trichloroalkanes with aldehyde generates homoallylic alcohols through a hydride rearrangement followed by a Nozaki-Hiyama allylation. 相似文献